Okokuqala ngqa eminyakeni engamashumi eminyaka, Abantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engu-55 basesimweni esibi kakhulu sokungasebenzi kunalabo bonke abanye abantu abadala abase- Imakethe yezabasebenzi baseSpainIqembu elalinamazinga aphansi kakhulu okungasebenzi kuze kube muva nje seliqhubekile nokuhlola izibalo, libonisa ushintsho olukhulu endleleni yokusebenza kwemisebenzi.
Ngokusho kokuhlaziywa okulungiselelwe yi- I-BBVA Foundation kanye ne-Valencian Institute of Economic Research (Ivie)Izinga lokungasebenzi kwaleli qembu leminyaka selifinyelele kakade 9,8% ngokwesilinganiso kumakota amathathu okuqala ka-2025, okungukuthi, 0,4 amaphuzu ngaphezulu ukuthi phakathi kwabasebenzi abaneminyaka engu-25 kuya kwengu-54 (9,4%). Lolu shintsho lwenzeka phakathi kwenqubo yokuguga kwabantu kanye nesikhathi lapho iSpain izama ukulibazisa iminyaka yokuthatha umhlalaphansi esebenzayo ukuze kuncishiswe ingcindezi ku- uhlelo lwempesheni.
Ushintsho olungokomlando ebudlelwaneni phakathi kweminyaka nokungasebenzi
Phakathi neminyaka, Labo abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-55 babenezinga eliphansi kakhulu lokungasebenzi uma kuqhathaniswa nabanye abantu abasebenzayo. Ngo-1994, igebe lafinyelela phezulu kakhulu Amaphesenti angu-9,2 amaphuzu ngendlela evuna bona uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu leminyaka engu-25-54. Kodwa-ke, lelo thuba lehla kancane kancane kwaze kwaba yilapho inyamalala ngokuphelele ngo-2023, lapho amazinga okungasebenzi kwamaqembu womabili eba alinganayo.
Ucwaningo luka-Ivie kanye ne-BBVA Foundation luqinisekisa ukuthi, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, umehluko ushintshileManje yizisebenzi eziphezulu ezithwele umthwalo omkhulu wezinga eliphezulu lokungasebenzi. Lesi simo esibi sichazwa ngokuthi "okubaluleke kakhulu" ngokwemibandela ehlobene, uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi kwenzeka naphezu kokuthi ukwehla okuvamile kokungasebenzi eSpain kanye nemakethe yezabasebenzi okuthi, ngokwesilinganiso, kubonisa izibalo ezingcono kunezinhlekelele zangaphambilini.
Akukho sizathu esisodwa ngemuva kwalolu shintsho, kodwa inhlanganisela yezici zesakhiwoUkuguga kwabasebenzi, izinguquko kwezobuchwepheshe, ukuhlelwa kabusha kwemikhakha, kanye nokuqhubeka kwemibono yobudala ezinkampanini konke kube nomthelela kulokhu. Ngenxa yalokho, lapho isisebenzi sineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-55 futhi silahlekelwa umsebenzi waso, amathuba aso okuba buyisela emuva Kuncishiswe kakhulu.
Umbiko ugcizelela ukuthi lesi simo sike saba khona imiphumela eqondile yokuzinza kohlelo lwempesheni futhi, ngokuvamile, ngombuso wezenhlalakahle eSpain. Ukukhuthaza izimpilo zokusebenza ezinde nezizinzile kuya ngokuya kudingeka, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, idatha yembula ukuthi Abantu asebekhulile abaphelelwa yimisebenzi bakuthola kunzima kakhulu ukubuyela emsebenzini..
Amaqiniso amabili aphikisanayo phakathi kwalabo abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-55.
Ukwehla kwemisebenzi yabantu abadala akuthinti bonke abantu abadala ngokulinganayo. Umbiko uhlukanisa ngokusobala phakathi labo abaye bagcina umlando womsebenzi oqhubekayo kanye nalabo abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-55 ubudala, Balahlekelwa imisebenzi yabo, bazama ukungena emakethe yemisebenzi okokuqala, noma babuye ngemva kwesikhathi sokungasebenzi..
Phakathi kwabasebenzi asebekhulile asebebambe izikhundla zabo amashumi eminyaka, isimo sihle kakhulu: Bavame ukuba nezinkontileka ezihlala njalo, imisebenzi esezingeni eliphezulu, kanye namaholo aphakathi aphezulu kunalabo bamaqembu eminye iminyaka. Bangabasebenzi abaneminyaka engu-25 noma engu-30 ubudala, abahlala ezikhundleni ezizinzile futhi, ezimweni eziningi, emisebenzini enekhono.
Isimo sishintsha ngokuphelele uma ubheka asebekhulile "okufanele baqale phansi". Lezi yizo ezinezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokungasebenzi kanye izimo zokusebenza ezimbi kakhuluUcwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwazo emakethe kuba nzima kakhulu: ziyahlupheka isikhathi eside sokungasebenzi, izinketho ezimbalwa zokuthola isikhundla esifanelana nolwazi lwabo kanye nekhwalithi yomsebenzi ephansi kakhulu.
Umbono ngezinkampani ngokwazo udlala indima ebalulekile. Kwabaqashi abaningi, Ukukhanga kokuqasha isisebenzi esiphezulu kuncane kakhuluLokhu kungenxa yeholo labo eliphakeme ngokomlando kanye nobandlululo mayelana nekhono labo lokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngesisebenzi esikhulile uqobo, Ukwamukela umsebenzi omusha kungahilela ukuyeka umholo kanye nezimo zokusebenza. okwenza umqondo wokwandisa isikhathi sabo sokusebenza nganoma yiziphi izindleko ungabi muhle kangako.
Izibonelo ezinjengabantu abaqoqana iminyaka eminingi ngifuna umsebenzi kodwa ngingaphumeleliNjengoba bechithe isikhathi esiningi sempilo yabo emkhakheni ofanayo noma enkampanini efanayo, babonisa ubukhulu bale nkinga kubantu. Abaningi baveza ukuthi Okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo akusabalulekile njengoba kwakunjalo ngaphambili nokuthi ukushintshela kumaphrofayili amasha ochwepheshe kubonakala kunzima kubo.
Ukungasebenzi kwesikhathi eside: umthwalo omkhulu kubantu abadala
Esinye sezibonakaliso ezikhathaza kakhulu ezitholwe yilolu cwaningo ukuthi isilinganiso sokungasebenzi kwesikhathi eside phakathi kwalabo abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-55 ubudala. Njengamanje, i- Ama-57,9% abantu abangasebenzi kuleli qembu leminyaka bebelokhu befuna umsebenzi isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka. ngaphandle kokukufeza, iphesenti eliphindwe kabili cishe kunezinye izigaba.
Kuluhlu lweminyaka engu-25-54, abantu abangasebenzi isikhathi eside bamele 36,1%, kuyilapho phakathi kwentsha eneminyaka engu-16 kuya kwengu-24 cishe 17,8%Lokhu kungafani kukhombisa ukuthi, uma umuntu osekhulile engasebenzi, Kunzima kakhulu ngaye ukuphuma kuleso simo. kunesisebenzi esisesincane, ngisho nasezimweni zokuthuthuka okuvamile emsebenzini.
Lesi sikhathi eside sokungasebenzi asimeleli nje kuphela [igama/ibinzana elingekho], kodwa futhi kuqeda amakhono ochwephesheLokhu kuqhelisa abantu ezintweni ezintsha zobuchwepheshe futhi kwandisa ingozi yokungaxhumani nemakethe yemisebenzi. Abanye ochwepheshe bachaza lokhu njengomjikelezo omubi: Uma uhlala ungasebenzi isikhathi eside, amathuba okuthola umsebenzi osezingeni eliphezulu ayancipha..
La ukuhlukaniswa kwedijithali Kubonakala njengenye yezinto ezenza lesi simo sibe sibi nakakhulu. Izisebenzi eziningi ezindala ziyaqaphela ubunzima bokuqeqeshwa kabusha ezindaweni ezikhula ngedijithali, ikakhulukazi uma zivela ezinkampanini noma emikhakheni lapho ukuguqulwa kwezobuchwepheshe kuye kwancishiswa khona. Ngaphandle kokufinyelela ekuqeqeshweni nasekusekelweni okulungiselelwe, Ukubuyela emsebenzini kuba yinselele.
Lesi simo senza kube nzima imizamo yenqubomgomo yomphakathi ukulibazisa iminyaka yokuthatha umhlalaphansi esebenzayoNakuba ephepheni abantu bekhuthazwa ukuba basebenze isikhathi eside, iqiniso liwukuthi ingxenye enkulu yabantu asebekhulile iphoqeleka ukuphuma emakethe yemisebenzi ngaphambi kokuba ifinyelele ngisho nomhlalaphansi, bese ibhekana nobunzima obukhulu ekubuyeni.
Umsebenzi wesikhashana owengeziwe, imisebenzi emibi kakhulu, kanye nokwehla kwekhwalithi yomsebenzi
Umehluko phakathi kwabasebenzi asebekhulile abagcina umsebenzi ozinzile kanye nalabo abakwaziyo ukubuyiselwa emsebenzini ngemva kokuphazamiseka ubonakala kakhulu ohlotsheni lwenkontileka. Phakathi kwabasebenzi asebekhulile abagcina umsebenzi ozinzile kanye nalabo abakwaziyo ukuhlanganiswa kabusha emsebenzini ngemva kokuphazamiseka kubonakala kakhulu ohlotsheni lwenkontileka. abasebenzi abakhokhelwayo abangaphezu kweminyaka engu-55 ubudala abaneminyaka engaphansi konyaka owodwa ubudala esikhundleni sakhe, Abangu-52,6% banomsebenzi wesikhashana, nge 10% ezimweni zomsebenzi ezingaqinisekile (izinkontileka ezifika ezinyangeni ezintathu) kanye 4,5% njengabasebenzi abasebenza ngezikhathi ezithile.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, phakathi kwabasebenzi abaphezulu abane iminyaka engaphezu kuka-25 Enkampanini, izinga lokuqashwa kwesikhashana lehla liye ku- 2%Imisebenzi eyingozi ayitholakali kalula, futhi iphesenti labasebenzi abasebenza ngezikhathi ezithile lincishisiwe laba ngaphezu kuka-2%Ubabili bucacile: Labo abaye bakwazi ukuhlala ezikhundleni zabo bajabulela ukuzinza okukhulu kakhulu. kulabo abaphoqeleka ukuqala phansi ngemva kweminyaka engu-55.
Uhlobo lomsebenzi nalo lushintsha kakhulu. Phakathi kwabasebenzi asebekhulile abanemisebenzi emide, cishe uhhafu (cishe u-45,6%) unezikhundla ezinekhono eliphezulu —abaphathi, ochwepheshe besayensi, ochwepheshe— futhi munye kuphela 7% kugxile emisebenzini yamabanga aphansi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, phakathi kwabantu abadala abathola ukufinyelela imisebenzi emisha, eyodwa nje 15,6% uthola izikhundla ezifanele kakhulu, kuyilapho Cishe ama-29,4% agxile emisebenzini eyisisekelo, ezidinga ukuqeqeshwa okuncane futhi ezinikeza izimo ezimbi kakhulu.
Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amaqembu eminyaka asanda kungena emsebenzini, Ububi besizukulwane esidala bucaca nakakhuluKubantu abaneminyaka engu-25-54 abaneminyaka yobudala engaphansi konyaka owodwa, izinkontileka zesikhashana zimele 44,2% (ngo-9,2% wemisebenzi eyingozi), izibalo ezingcono kancane kunezabasebenzi abaphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi kwalaba basebenzi abasezingeni eliphakathi, Imisebenzi enamakhono aphezulu imele cishe ama-29,1%kuyilapho imisebenzi yamabanga aphansi ilinganiselwa ku-20%. Phakathi kwabantu abasha abaneminyaka engu-16 kuya ku-24, amaphesenti emisebenzi enamakhono aphezulu kanye nemisebenzi yamabanga aphansi nawo awabafanele kangako kunabasebenzi asebekhulile abasanda kuqashwa.
Ezinye izinkomba, ezithinta kakhulu ingqondo yomuntu, ziqinisa umqondo wokuthi ikhwalithi embi kakhulu yemisebenzi emisha yabadalaPhakathi kwabasebenzi asebekhulile asebesebenze esikhundleni sabo isikhathi esingaphansi konyaka, cishe oyedwa Abangu-21,5% bathi bafuna ukushintsha uhlelo lwabo futhi cishe eyodwa Abangu-16,4% basafuna omunye umsebenzi naphezu kokusebenza. Ngokuphambene nalokho, phakathi kwamasosha asekhulile aneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-25 enkampanini, munye kuphela 9,7% Uveza isifiso sokushintsha isimiso sakhe somsebenzi futhi cishe 0,8% Uyaqhubeka nokufuna omunye umsebenzi, okubonisa izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokwaneliseka nokuzinza.
Igebe lomholo elijezisa labo abaqala kabusha
Ngokuphathelene nemali engenayo, ukuthwebula izithombe, futhi, kuphindwe kabili. Isilinganiso semali engenayo yonyaka yabasebenzi abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-55 ubudala Uma sibala, kuphakeme kunokwabanye abantu abahola imali: ucwaningo lubeka umholo wabo ojwayelekile cishe I-30.038 euro, ngaphambi kwe I-26.855 euro kulabo abaneminyaka ephakathi kuka-25 no-54 ubudala.
Kodwa-ke, lelo thuba lomholo liyanyamalala lapho ukuhlaziywa kukhawulelwe kubasebenzi asebekhulile abasanda kuqala umsebenzi omusha. Kwabadala abane- iminyaka yabo yobudala engaphansi konyaka owodwa, umholo ojwayelekile wehla cishe 19.558 euro ngonyaka, inani elingaphansi kancane kunelabasebenzi abaneminyaka engu-25 kuya kwengu-54 abasesimweni esifanayo (cishe I-19.837 euro) futhi kude kakhulu nama-euro angu-40.520 lokho kwamukelwa, ngokwesilinganiso, ngabantu abadala asebethuthukise umsebenzi ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka iminyaka engamashumi amathathu.
Lo mehluko ukhomba into ecacile: Uma isisebenzi esiphezulu silahlekelwa umsebenzi waso ozinzile, "intengo" yokubuyela emakethe yezabasebenzi iphezulu kakhulu.Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi ukuzinza kwesivumelwano kuncishisiwe, kodwa Umholo wehla kakhulukuze kube seqophelweni lokuba ngaphansi kwalokho okwamukelwa abantu abasebasha abanomlando omfushane kakhulu womsebenzi.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe Ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi okwengeziwe, umsebenzi wesikhashana owengeziwe, kanye namaholo aphansi Phakathi kwalabo okumele baphinde bangene emsebenzini, lesi simo sibonisa isithombe esiyinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphezu kokucindezeleka kwezezimali, kukhona nomthelela wengqondo wokuhamba, eminyakeni embalwa nje, ukusuka emsebenzini ozinzile kuya esimweni sokungaqiniseki kanye nokwehla kwenani lomsebenzi.
Ochwepheshe base-Ivie bagcizelela ukuthi leli qiniso Kuvimbela amasu okwandisa impilo esebenzayo njengendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusimama kwezezimali kohlelo lwempesheniUma ingxenye enkulu yabantu asebekhulile iphoqeleka ukwamukela imisebenzi eholela kancane noma ukushiya imakethe yezabasebenzi ngaphambi kwesikhathi, Umgomo wokusebenza isikhathi eside uba nzima kakhulu ukuwufinyelela. ngokwenza.
Ukuqeqeshwa, ukuguga kanye nenselele yokusebenzisa ithalente labantu abadala
Njengoba kunikezwe lesi simo, ucwaningo lukhomba ku- Imfundo eqhubekayo njengenye yamathuluzi asebenza kahle kakhulu ukuthuthukisa amathuba okuqashwa kwabantu asebekhulile. Phakathi kwabantu abaneminyaka engu-55 nangaphezulu abane- imfundo ephakeme, izinga lokungasebenzi lehla kakhulu, lihlala cishe 5,4%Okusho ukuthi, ngaphezu kwengxenye yesilinganiso seqembu labadala.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi kwalabo abaneziqu zemfundo ephakeme, Ikhwalithi yemisebenzi emisha ivame ukuba ngconoKukhona imisebenzi yesikhashana embalwa (cishe amaphuzu ayisithupha ngaphansi), ingxenye encane yemisebenzi eyingozi (cishe amaphuzu angu-4,2 ngaphansi), kanye nokwanda okukhulu kwemisebenzi enamakhono aphezulu, manje ecishe ibe cishe 49,1%Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imisebenzi yamabanga aphansi incishiswa ibe cishe 9%.
Ngokuphathelene nomholo, ukuqeqeshwa nakho kwenza umehluko. Umbiko ubonisa ukuthi, phakathi kwabasebenzi asebekhulile abaqala isikhundla esisha asebenesikhathi eside besebenza i-university degreeUmholo ungaba khona 34.000 euro ngonyaka, ngokusobala kungaphezu kwesilinganiso sabantu abadala abasanda kuqashwa abangenalo lelo zinga lemfundo.
Kodwa-ke, abalobi balolu cwaningo bacacisa ukuthi Ukuqeqeshwa kukodwa akuqinisekisi Akukho ukufinyelela emsebenzini noma ikhwalithi yomsebenzi. Ingxenye yamaqembu asebekhulile Wayengenawo amathuba emfundo afanayo ebusheni bakhe. kunezizukulwane ezizayo, futhi lokhu kuhumusha kube yizinkinga zokuqala ezingenakukhokhelwa njalo ngezifundo zokuvuselela sekwephuzile.
Ngakho-ke, umbiko wenza isikhalazo esicacile ku- ukunqoba imibono ephambene nobudala njengoba izinkampani ngokwazo zihlanganyela kakhulu ekuvuseleleni amakhono abasebenzi bazo abaphezulu. Esimweni lapho Abantu abasha abazongenela ukhetho bazoncipha kakhulu.Njengoba kunabantu abaningi abathatha umhlalaphansi kanye nobunzima obukhulu ekugcwaliseni izikhala zomsebenzi, ukusebenzisa imali yabasebenzi asebekhulile akusasebenzi futhi kuba yinto edingekayo.
Emakethe yezabasebenzi ekhungathekile, lapho inani labantu asebekhulile kanye nohlelo lwempesheni lucindezelekile, iqiniso elivezwa yidatha licacile: Abantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engu-55 sebeshintshe ekubeni yiqembu elinokuntuleka kwemisebenzi okuphansi kakhulu baba ngomunye wabantu abasengozini enkulu.Ukwanda kokungasebenzi, ukuqoqwa kwamacala esikhathi eside, ukwehla kwekhwalithi yemisebenzi emisha, kanye negebe lamaholo phakathi kwalabo abagcina imisebenzi yabo kanye nalabo okumele baqale kabusha kuphoqa ukuthi kucatshangelwe kabusha indlela ithalente labadala eliphathwa ngayo eSpain. Ukuqinisa ukufunda impilo yonke, ukulwa nokuguga ezinqubweni zokuqasha, kanye nokukhuthaza izindlela zomsebenzi ezizinzile kuvela njengezinsika ezibalulekile uma ukusebenza isikhathi eside kungeyona nje umgomo wemfundiso, kodwa kube ithuba langempela nelihloniphekile kulabo abasondela ekupheleni kwempilo yabo yobungcweti.
