La Ukuthatha umhlalaphansi eSpain kubhekene nenkathi eshintshayo.Ukufika okukhulu kwesizukulwane sokukhula kwezingane kuya eminyakeni yokuthatha umhlalaphansi, izinguquko ezilandelanayo zesimiso, kanye negebe lomlando phakathi kwabasebenzi abakhokhelwayo nabazisebenzelayo kudale isimo lapho izibalo zithumela umyalezo ocacile kakhulu: akubona bonke abahola impesheni abathola inani elifanayo, futhi abasondeli emazingeni afanayo enhlalakahle.
Ngesikhathi abantu abasha asebethathe umhlalaphansi ngaphansi kwe-General Scheme bethola izinzuzo ezisondela noma ezidlula Ama-euro angu-2.000 ngenyanga ngezinkokhelo ezingu-14, ingxenye enhle ye abasebenzi abazisebenzayo Futhi impesheni yabafelokazi iwela ngaphansi kakhulu komholo omncane, ngokuvamile ingafinyeleli kuma-euro angu-900. Okwamanje, uhlelo lwempesheni luphana kakhulu uma luqhathaniswa nalo lonke elaseYurophu, kodwa lungaphansi kokucindezeleka okwandayo ngenxa yenani elikhulayo labazuzi kanye nokwenyuka okukhulu kokusetshenziswa kwemali.
Impesheni emaphakathi ohlelweni kanye nomehluko phakathi kwezinhlelo
Ngokusho kwedatha yakamuva ye-Social Security etholakalayo yokuphela kuka-2024 kanye nokuqala kuka-2025, i- isilinganiso sempesheni iyonke yesistimu (ukwengeza zonke izinhlelo zempesheni ezifaka isandla) cishe ziyi-€1.260-€1.423 ngenyanga, kuye ngesikhathi nokuthi ngabe kubhekisela ohlelweni lonke noma ikakhulukazi kwi-General Scheme. NgoFebhuwari 2025, umuntu ohola impesheni ngaphansi kwe-General Scheme wathola isilinganiso esingu-€1.423,35, inani elihlanganisa umhlalaphansi, umfelokazi, ukukhubazeka okuhlala njalo, kanye neminye impesheni efaka isandla.
Kodwa-ke, lesi sibalo sisonke sifihla igebe elijulile kakhulu uma siqhathanisa amaqembu amabili amakhulu: abasebenzi abakhokhelwa ngaphansi kwe-General Scheme kanye abasebenzi be-Special Regime for Self-Employed Workers (RETA)Nakuba umuntu ohola impesheni ojwayelekile ku-General Scheme edlula kalula ama-euro angu-1.400 ngenyanga, isisebenzi esivamile esizisebenzelayo sisala ngemuva ngezinyathelo eziningana, ngomehluko wama-euro angaphezu kuka-500.
Ngokwezwi eliqondile, izisebenzi ezizisebenzelayo zithola isilinganiso Ama-euro angama-517,25 ngaphansi kunalabo abaseSikimu Esijwayelekile. Lo mehluko awuyona into encane: uphawula impilo yansuku zonke yamakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu asebethathe umhlalaphansi abazisebenzayo, abathi ngemva kokusebenza impilo yabo yonke, bafinyelele umhlalaphansi benemali engenayo encane kakhulu.
Ukuthwebula izithombe endaweni nakho akuthuthukisi isithombe. Cishe kuzo zonke Ama-60% ezifundazwe kanye nemiphakathi ezimeleImpesheni ejwayelekile yabantu abazisebenzayo ingaphansi kwama-euro angu-900 ngenyanga. Futhi akukho ndawo lapho impesheni ejwayelekile ngaphansi koMthetho Okhethekile Wabasebenzi Abazisebenzayo (i-RETA) ifinyelela khona izinga lomholo omncane phakathi kochwepheshe (i-SMI), okwamanje obekwe kuma-euro angu-1.134 ngenyanga ezinkokhelweni ezingu-14. Ngamanye amazwi, iningi labasebenzi abazisebenzayo asebethathe umhlalaphansi baphila ngemali engenayo ephansi kakhulu kunomkhawulo obekwe nguHulumeni ngokwawo njengomholo omncane wesisebenzi esisebenzayo.
Abathathe umhlalaphansi abasha ngaphansi koHlelo Olujwayelekile: impesheni iseduze nama-euro angu-2.000
Uma kugxilwe kakhulu ku- abantu abasha asebethathe umhlalaphansi ngaphansi koHlelo OlujwayelekileIsimo sihluke kakhulu futhi, ezimweni eziningi, sikhululekile kakhulu. Isilinganiso sempesheni ekhokhwayo yabasanda kuthatha umhlalaphansi ngaphansi kwalolu hlelo sibonile iminyaka eminingana yokwenyuka okukhulu, okufinyelela cishe ku-€2.000 ngenyanga.
NgoJanuwari, idatha yakamuva ye-Social Security ikhombisa ukuthi umuntu ngamunye omusha othathe umhlalaphansi okhokhelwayo wangena ohlelweni enempesheni ejwayelekile ye- Ama-euro angu-1.982 ngenyanga ngezinkokhelo ezingu-14Lesi yisibalo esiphezulu kakhulu ochungechungeni lomlando futhi sibonisa ukuhlangana kwezici eziningana: izimpilo zokusebenza ezinde nezikhokhelwa kangcono, amaholo aphezulu ezigabeni zokugcina zempilo yokusebenza, kanye nezikhuthazo ezethulwe ku izinguquko zakamuva ukulibazisa iminyaka yokuthatha umhlalaphansi esebenzayo.
Lokhu kukhuphuka akusikho okwesikhashana. Isilinganiso sempesheni yokuqala yabasanda kuthatha umhlalaphansi ngaphansi kwe-General Scheme sikhula ngesilinganiso sonyaka se- 5,5%Nakuba ukukhuphuka kwamanani entengo kuzungeze u-2,3%, abantu abasanda kuthatha umhlalaphansi bathola amandla okuthenga kokubili uma kuqhathaniswa namanani akhuphukayo kanye nezizukulwane zangaphambilini zabantu abahola impesheni.
Uma sibheka lokhu ngendlela efanele, igxathu liyamangaza: ngo-2021, isilinganiso sempesheni yomuntu omusha othathe umhlalaphansi ngaphansi kwe-General Scheme sasiseduze. I-1.583 euroEminyakeni emihlanu nje kuphela, ithole ukwenyuka cishe ngo-25%, okungukuthi, cishe amaphuzu amathathu ngaphezu kokwehla kwamandla emali okuqongelelwe phakathi nenkathi efanayo. Futhi lokhu kwenzeka naphezu kokuthi umhlalaphansi wangaphambi kwesikhathi wenziwe waba nemingcele kakhulu ngezijeziso ezintsha, ngokombono okufanele ziqukethe inani lempesheni yokuqala.
Kubalulekile futhi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezimpesheni zabantu abasanda kuthatha umhlalaphansi kanye nezabo bonke asebethathe umhlalaphansi ngaphansi kwe-General Scheme. Nakuba izimpesheni ezintsha sezivele zidlula ama-euro ayi-1.900-2.000, i- isilinganiso sabo bonke abaqashiwe abaholayo Ima cishe kuma-euro angu-1.606,6. Lo mehluko uchazwa iqiniso lokuthi isilinganiso sisonke sisabandakanya abantu abahola impesheni abavela ezizukulwaneni ezedlule, abahola impesheni ngesisekelo esiphansi seminikelo.
Abathathe umhlalaphansi abazisebenzelayo (i-RETA): impesheni ingaphansi kakhulu komholo omncane
Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwesistimu kukhona abantu asebethathe umhlalaphansi abazisebenzayoIsilinganiso sabo sempesheni sihlala siphansi kakhulu kunesabasebenzi abakhokhelwayo. Naphezu kokwenyuka kwaminyaka yonke, inani abalitholayo lapho bethatha umhlalaphansi liyaqhubeka lingaphansi kakhulu kwamazinga abhekwa njenganele ukuqinisekisa ukuguga okunethezekile.
Isilinganiso sempesheni yomhlalaphansi ku-RETA (Special Regime for Self-Employed Workers) sikhona njengamanje. Ama-euro ayi-966,8-1.006,23 ngenyangaKuye ngesikhathi kanye nomthombo othize wedatha, inani elingu-€1.006,23 selivele libonisa ukwenyuka okungu-2,8% okusetshenziswe muva nje ezimpeshenini ezinikelayo. Noma kunjalo, igebe ne-General Scheme lisalokhu likhulu: abathathe umhlalaphansi abazisebenzelayo bathola, ngokwesilinganiso, impesheni ephansi ngo-39,4% kuneyabasebenzi abakhokhelwayo.
Lesi sikhala asizange sibe ngengozi futhi asisona samuva nje. Sekungamashumi eminyaka, Izisebenzi eziningi ezizisebenzelayo zikhokhele uhlelo lwezokuphepha komphakathi. isisekelo esincaneUhlelo lwabavumela ukuthi bakhethe ngokukhululeka umnikelo wabo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bahola malini ngempela. Leli cebo, elenzelwe ukunciphisa umthwalo wenyanga ngenkathi besebenza, linomphumela oqondile: impesheni yomhlalaphansi ephansi kakhulu, ngokuvamile ngisho nangaphansi kwempesheni encane kakhulu yesistimu futhi njalo ingaphansi komholo omncane.
Amamephu esifundazwe nawesifunda aqinisekisa ubucayi benkinga. Cishe kuma-60% endawo, impesheni ejwayelekile yabasebenzi abazisebenzelayo asebethathe umhlalaphansi ayifinyeleli Ama-euro angu-900 ngenyangaFuthi akukho emphakathini lapho ifinyelela khona umholo omncane wamanje. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inani elikhulu labantu asebethathe umhlalaphansi abazisebenzelayo lisebuphofwini noma lithembele komunye umholo womndeni ukuze likwazi ukuziphilisa.
Izinhlangano ezifana ne Inyunyana Yabachwepheshe Nabasebenzi Abaziqashayo (i-UPTA) Sekuyisikhathi eside begxeka lesi simo. Umongameli wabo, u-Eduardo Abad, ucacise kakhulu ekuvezeni ukuthi akwamukeleki ukuthi labo abachithe amashumi eminyaka beqhuba amabhizinisi amancane, befaka isandla ekufunweni nasekukhuleni komnotho, baqede impilo yabo yokusebenza bebhekene nomhlalaphansi oyingozi.
Iziphakamiso ze-UPTA kanye nohlelo lweminikelo olusekelwe emalini engenayo yangempela
Ukuze kuzanywe ukulungisa lesi simo, i-UPTA ibilokhu ikhuthaza iminyaka eminingi ushintsho lwesakhiwo eminikelweni yokuphepha komphakathi yabantu abazisebenzayoIsinyathelo esiyinhloko, esivele siqalile, uhlelo lweminikelo olusekelwe emalini engenayo yangempela, oluthatha indawo yemodeli endala yokuzikhethela ngokukhululeka kwezisekelo ngaphakathi kwezilinganiso eziphansi neziphezulu ezimisiwe.
Kusukela ngo-2023, abantu abazisebenzayo bebelokhu bedingeka ukuthi bakhokhe iminikelo yezokuphepha komphakathi ngokusekelwe emalini engenayo yabo, ngaphakathi kochungechunge lweminyaka amabhrakhethi emali engenayo anezisekelo ezincane kanye nezabelo ezihambisanayoNgomqondo, lokhu kuzovumela labo abahola kakhulu ukuthi banikele kakhulu ohlelweni futhi, ekugcineni, bathole ilungelo lokuthola impesheni ephezulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, labo abanemali engenayo encane bazobona umthwalo wabo wokufaka uncishisiwe kancane, kodwa impesheni yabo yesikhathi esizayo nayo izoncishiswa kusengaphambili.
I-UPTA ibheka lolu shintsho njengesinyathelo esiqhubekela phambili, kodwa akwanele ukuvala igebe lempesheni phakathi kwabasebenzi abazisebenzayo nabakhokhelwayo. Yingakho iphakamisa uhlelo oluthile lokuqinisa: ukwenyuka kwaminyaka yonke okunamaphuzu amathathu enanini elijwayelekile lempesheni labasebenzi abazisebenzayo eminyakeni emine ezayo. Ngalesi sikhushulwa, impesheni kazwelonke evamile yabasebenzi abazisebenzayo ingafinyelela cishe ku-€1.020 ngenyanga ekupheleni kwaleso sikhathi.
Ku-Eduardo Abad, inkinga akuyona nje kuphela eyobuningi kodwa futhi neyezepolitiki kanye nezenhlalo. Ugxeke iqiniso lokuthi Uhulumeni oqhubekayo ayizange ibeke phambili ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpesheni eziphansi kakhulu ngamandla, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo igxeka abaphikisi ngokungaqapheli ukuphuthuma kokubhekana nalokhu kungalingani uma uhlelo lwempesheni olubhekwa njengolufanele nolulinganayo luzogcinwa.
Umyalezo wakhe ugxile emcabangweni wokuthi ukulungisa isimo seqembu elithola izinzuzo eziphansi kakhulu yesimiso, egcizelela ukuthi akugcini nje ngezibalo, kodwa ngesithunzi sabantu abaye baba negalelo ekukhiqizeni kwezwe ngokuzisebenzela. Ekugcineni, umgomo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu othathe umhlalaphansi ozisebenzelayo ogwetshwa ubumpofu ngemva kokuphela kwempilo yakhe yokusebenza.
Ubufelokazi: impesheni ephansi kakhulu kanye nokuguqulwa kobufebe kube yinto eyingozi
Ngaphandle kokuqhathaniswa phakathi kwe-General Regime kanye ne-RETA (Special Regime for Self-Employed Workers), elinye iqembu elibonisa ukungalingani kwangaphakathi kohlelo yilelo le- abantu abathola impesheni yomfelokaziNgoNovemba 2024, impesheni yomfelokazi ejwayelekile yayicishe ibe ngama-euro angu-898,8 ngenyanga, ingaphansi kakhulu komholo omncane futhi ingaphansi kwempesheni ejwayelekile ohlelweni.
Isihluthulelo sisezimithethweni: ngokuvamile, impesheni yomfelokazi inika umuntu oyitholayo ilungelo lokuthola imali 52% wesisekelo sokulawula yesisebenzi esishonile. Kusukela ngo-2019, kuye kwaqaliswa ukuthuthuka ezimweni ezithile: lapho umzuzi eneminyaka engu-65 noma ngaphezulu, engatholi omunye umhlalaphansi womphakathi, engenayo imali engenayo yomsebenzi evela emsebenzini noma ekuzisebenzeleni futhi engadluli imikhawulo ethile yemali engenayo evela emisebenzini yezimali noma yezomnotho (cishe ama-euro angu-7.707 ngonyaka), iphesenti likhuphuka lifike ku-60%.
Empeleni, lo mklamo usho ukuthi iningi labafelokazi (kanye nabafelwa abancane kakhulu) bagcina sebese- amazinga emali engenayo aphansi kakhuluEqinisweni, impesheni yomfelokazi ojwayelekile ibashiya bengaphansi komholo omncane, okuchaza ukuthi kungani amaqembu amaningi abantu abahola impesheni efuna ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu kulezi zinzuzo, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezisengozini kakhulu.
ESpain kukhona cishe Abazuzi bempesheni yabafelokazi abayizigidi ezingu-2,35Iningi elikhulu ngabesifazane asebekhulile. Ukuhlanganiswa kwempesheni ephansi, isikhathi eside sokuphila, kanye, ezimweni eziningi, ukuntuleka kwemali engenayo, kubeka leli qembu esimweni esibucayi kakhulu. Yingakho izinhlangano ezifana neCoespe, i-ASJUBI40, kanye namapulatifomu abaphesheni baseBasque (MPEH) zigcina ingcindezi eqhubekayo kuhulumeni yokukhulisa lezi zinkokhelo kakhulu.
Ngo-2024, iSigungu Esiphezulu sivumile ukwanda kwe- 14,1% wempesheni yomfelokazi enamalungu omndeni athembele kuyeLokhu kuyintuthuko ebalulekile, kodwa okubhekwa njengokunganele ngamaqembu athintekile. Kulindeleke ukwanda okujwayelekile okungaba ngu-3% ngo-2025, okungalingana nokwenyuka okumaphakathi okungaba ngu-€27 ngenyanga kwempesheni yomfelokazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinguquko zakamuva zithi impesheni yomfelokazi ephansi kumele ikhuphuke ngaphezu kwe-Consumer Price Index (CPI) phakathi kuka-2024 no-2027, ngenhloso yokubasondeza kancane kancane empeshenini ephansi yomhlalaphantsi.
Izinguquko zakamuva: izikhuthazo, izinhlawulo, kanye nesu lokuthatha umhlalaphansi
Ukuthuthuka kwempesheni yabasebenzi abasha akuchazwa kuphela yindlela amaholo abo aqhutshwa ngayo, kodwa futhi izinguquko ezethulwe ekuguqulweni kwamuva kwempesheniEnye yezinsika zalolu shintsho kube ukukhuthaza ukubambezeleka kokuthatha umhlalaphansi, kuvuze labo abanquma ukuhlala bematasa ngale kweminyaka evamile yokuthatha umhlalaphansi.
Lezi zikhuthazo, ezingathatha isimo se- ukwenyuka kwamaphesenti empesheni Izinkokhelo zesamba semali ziye zaphumelela ekukhuphuleni isilinganiso sobudala bokuthatha umhlalaphansi esisebenzayo, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, zandisa inani lokuqala lempesheni kulabo abazikhethela zona. Lokhu kunengqondo: labo abanikela iminyaka eminingi, nabo abahola amaholo aphezulu engxenyeni yokugcina yomsebenzi wabo, bagcina benesisekelo esikhulu sempesheni.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuthatha umhlalaphansi kusenesikhathi ngezijeziso ezintshaUmqondo uwukuvimbela ukuphuma emakethe yezabasebenzi ngaphambi kwesikhathi, okubeka umthwalo ohlelweni isikhathi eside. Kodwa-ke, umphumela ohlangene wezijeziso kanye nezikhuthazo udale nemiphumela emibi, ikakhulukazi maqondana nesikhathi esithile lapho abasebenzi abaningi benquma ukufaka isicelo sempesheni yabo.
Esinye isici esibalulekile ukufakwa kwezimpesheni ku-CPI. Njalo ngoJanuwari, izinzuzo ezifaka isandla ziyahlolwa kabusha ngokusekelwe ekukhuphukeni kwentengo okumaphakathi konyaka odlule. Lokhu kudale uhlobo oluthile "Isu likaDisemba"Abanye abasebenzi bakhetha ukuthatha umhlalaphansi kusenesikhathi ekupheleni konyaka ukuze bathole umhlalaphansi wabo olungisiwe ngoJanuwari. Ezikhathini zokwehla kwamandla emali okuphansi, leli cebo lingase lingabi namsebenzi ngenxa yezijeziso zokuthatha umhlalaphansi kusenesikhathi, kodwa eminyakeni yokwenyuka kwamanani, linenzuzo enkulu kakhulu kumuntu othatha umhlalaphansi esikhathini esizayo... futhi libiza kakhulu kwi-Social Security.
Izibalo zomhlalaphansi zibonisa lokhu ngokusobala. NgoJanuwari, okulandelayo kwabhaliswa: Abantu abasha abathathe umhlalaphansi abangu-38.760Lesi yisibalo sesibili esiphezulu kulo lonke uchungechunge lomlando, njengoba sihlanganisa izicelo eziningi ezithunyelwe ekupheleni kukaDisemba. Ukwehla okuphawulekayo kuvame ukubonwa ezinyangeni ezilandelayo: ngoFebhuwari 2024, isibonelo, umhlalaphansi omusha wehle ngo-18% uma kuqhathaniswa noJanuwari, kwathi ngoFebhuwari 2023, ngemva konyaka wokwehla kwamandla emali okuphezulu, ukwehla kwafinyelela ku-31%. Konke kusikisela ukuthi izisebenzi eziningi zihlela ngokucophelela umhlalaphansi wazo ukuze zikhulise umhlalaphansi wazo ngokwemithetho yamanje.
Uhlelo lwempesheni olunesandla esikhulu uma luqhathaniswa nolwaseYurophu
Ngaphandle kokungezwani kwangaphakathi, kubalulekile ukubeka imodeli yaseSpain ngaphakathi komongo waseYurophu. Ngokwezibalo ezihlanganiswe nguHulumeni esikhathini esidlule Umbiko WokugugaISpain iphezulu kwi-European Union kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi izinga lokushintsha: iphesenti lomholo wokugcina elihlanganisa umhlalaphansi wokuqala.
Ezweni lethu, isilinganiso sesilinganiso sokushintshana cishe sicishe sibe 77% womholo wokugcinaLokhu kungaphezu kwamaphuzu angu-30 ngaphezu kwesilinganiso saseYurophu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi, ngokuvamile, abantu abasha asebethathe umhlalaphansi baseSpain balondoloza izinga lemali engenayo elicishe lifane nalelo ababenalo njengezisebenzi ezisebenzayo, into engenjalo emazweni amaningi angomakhelwane.
Lo moya wokupha wokuqala upheleliswa futhi yi- ukuhlolwa kabusha kwaminyaka yonke kwezimpesheni nge-CPILokhu kuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamandla okuthenga ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngenxa yalokho, kukho konke ukuphila kwabo njengabasempeshenini, abaqashiwe baseSpain bagcina bethola, ngokwesilinganiso, cishe u-60% ngaphezu kwalokho abakunikele eminikelweni yezokuphepha komphakathi ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwabo, uma izibalo sezilungisiwe ngokukhula komnotho kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali.
Lesi sici senza uhlelo lwempesheni lwaseSpain lubonakale luvikela kakhulu, kodwa futhi lukhulisa ukuzwela mayelana nokusimama kwalo ngokwezimali, ikakhulukazi esimweni sokuguga okusheshayo kwabantu kanye nokungena okukhulu kwabantu abazalwa ngesikhathi sokuzalwa komntwana emhlalaphansi.
Umthelela wokukhula kwezingane: abantu abaningi asebethathe umhlalaphansi kanye nokusebenzisa imali okuningi
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukuhlanganiswa okuqhubekayo kwesizukulwane esilandelayo kube yintuthuko ebalulekile. baby boom Uhlelo lwempesheni lubangele ukwanda kwenani labathathe umhlalaphansi kanye nenani eliphelele lomholo wanyanga zonke okumele uMnyango Wezokuphepha Komphakathi uwumboze. ISpain manje isibone iminyaka emine ilandelana ngokunyuka kwabathathe umhlalaphansi abengeziwe abangaphezu kuka-100.000 njalo ezinyangeni eziyishumi nambili.
Ngonyaka odlule lapho idatha itholakala khona, inani labahola impesheni yomhlalaphansi likhule cishe Abantu abasha asebethathe umhlalaphansi abangu-113.700Okwamanje, ukufa kuye kwahlala ngaphansi kuka-270.000 ngonyaka, kuyilapho abaqashiwe abasha bedlula u-380.000. Ngakho-ke ibhalansi ephelele icacile, okuholela ekwandeni okuqhubekayo kwenani labantu asebethathe umhlalaphansi.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwesizukulwane esikhulu kakhulu kanye nempesheni yokuqala ephezulu (ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabantu abasha asebethathe umhlalaphansi ngaphansi kwe-General Scheme) kubangela ukwenyuka okukhulu kakhulu kwemali yomhlalaphansiImali yomhlalaphansi yanyanga zonke isiphindwe kabili cishe eminyakeni eyishumi edlule: kusukela kuma-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-5.300 ngenyanga ngo-2013 (ezinkokhelweni ezingu-14) isikhuphuke yaya ngaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-10.400 njengamanje.
Lokhu kukhula kungenye yezinselelo ezinkulu zesikhathi esiphakathi neside sezimali zomphakathi. Ukugcina uhlelo olukhokhela impesheni ephezulu, oluhambisana nokwehla kwamandla emali, kanye nenani elikhulayo labazuzi kudinga ukuhlanganisa izinhloso eziningana: Imali engenayo eyengeziwe ngeminikelo kanye nezintela, ukulungiswa kwe-parametric, futhi ekugcineni, izinguquko zomklamo ukuthi izindleko zisabalaliswe kangcono phakathi kwezizukulwane.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iqiniso liwukuthi, ngaphakathi kwalolu hlelo olunomusa, kunezimo ezingalingani kakhulu: abathathe umhlalaphansi ngaphansi kwe-General Scheme abanezimpesheni eziseduze ne-€2.000, abasebenzi abazisebenzelayo abafinyeleli ku-€1.000, kanye nabafelokazi abathola cishe i-€900. Lokhu kungafani kuyisisekelo se- impikiswano yezepolitiki nezenhlalo mayelana nokwanela kanye nokulunga kwemodeli.
Uma kucatshangelwa idatha esemthethweni kanye nezidingo zamaqembu ahilelekile, isimo samanje sempesheni eSpain singafingqwa ngesithombe esicacile kakhulu: uhlelo oluvulekile nolukhula emhlabeni wonke, kodwa olunokungalingani okukhulu kwangaphakathi phakathi kwezinhlelo, izinhlobo zempesheni kanye nezindawo, lapho abantu abasha asebethathe umhlalaphansi abakhokhelwayo bethandwa kakhulu kunabazisebenzayo kanye nabafelokazi, kanye nalapho izinguquko ezilandelayo kuzodingeka zibhekane nesidingo esiphindwe kabili sokuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwezezimali ngaphandle kokushiya labo asebevele behlupheka yimpesheni ephansi kakhulu namuhla.
