Imakethe yezabasebenzi yaseSpain iyaqhubeka nokubonisa amandla ayingqayizivele, aphawulwe yi- imijikelezo yokuqasha kanye neziqongo zesizini eziphindaphindwa unyaka nonyaka futhi, kude nokunyamalala, ziyashintsha njengoba umnotho, ubuchwepheshe kanye namaphethini okusetshenziswa ashintsha. Kubasebenzi kanye namabhizinisi, ukulindela le mnyakazo sekuyisidingo samasu, hhayi nje ukuthola amathuba emisebenzi, kodwa futhi nokuqonda ingqikithi yeqiniso yendwangu ekhiqizayo kazwelonke. Nakuba isizini iphikelela, iminyaka yakamuva ilethe intuthuko entsha: izinguquko kubude bezikhathi eziphakeme kakhulu zokuqashwa, imikhakha emisha eqhuba ukuqashwa, kanye nomfutho ekudaleni imisebenzi okufanele ihlaziywe ngokujulile.
Kulokhu kuhlaziya okujulile, sizohlukanisa idatha yakamuva namathrendi, siqoqe ulwazi oluvela emibikweni emikhulu, izingosi zemisebenzi, nemiphumela esemthethweni. Ngakho-ke, sizoyilungisa ngokujulile Lapho iziqongo eziyinhloko zokuqasha zenzeka eSpain, ukuthi yimiphi imikhakha nezifunda ezinesibopho kuzo, kanye nendlela izinkontileka, izikhala, namaholo athuthuka ngayo endaweni enenzuzo ephezulu kanye noshintsho lwedijithali. Uma ufuna ukuqonda ngokugcwele umakhenikha wangempela wokuqashwa ezweni lethu, le ndatshana ingeyakho.
Imakethe yezabasebenzi yaseSpain kanye nemvelo yayo yesizini
ISpain iyizwe lapho i- isikhathi somsebenzi ihlala iyisici esibalulekile. Ngokochwepheshe kanye nedatha esemthethweni ehlanganiswe izinhlangano ezifana Nokuphepha Komphakathi kanye Nomnyango Wezabasebenzi, ukuzihlanganisa nesipiliyoni sokuqasha kuphawule ukuhluka okuzungezile. imicimbi yezomnotho kanye nemijikelezo yonyaka kuchazwe kakhulu. Iziqongo zobulungu zivame ukuhambisana nomkhankaso wasehlobo, kuyilapho izigodi ezijule kakhulu zibonwa phakathi nobusika, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwenkathi kaKhisimusi nokuvalwa kwezivumelwano zesikhashana ezihlobene nezentengiselwano nezokungenisa izihambi.
Ukwakheka kwemakethe yethu yezemisebenzi kuncike kakhulu emikhakheni efana nale ezokuvakasha, ezokuvakasha, ezohwebo nezemfundo, lapho isidingo sabasebenzi sishintshashintsha kakhulu kuye ngesikhathi sonyaka. Isibonelo, inombolo ephezulu kakhulu yokubhaliswa Kokuvikeleka Komphakathi ngokuvamile ivela phakathi kukaJuni 20 noJulayi 20. Ngo-2023, inani eliphakeme lafinyelelwa ngoJuni 20 nge- 20,95 million abanikelayo, ukuhlala emazingeni aphezulu kuze kube sehlobo. Lezi ziqongo zihambisana nokuqala kwesizini yezivakashi, lapho amahhotela, izindawo zokudlela, nawo wonke umkhakha wezinsizakalo uqinisa izisebenzi zawo.
Kodwa-ke, lezi ziqongo zikhiqiza umphumela okhulayo: njengoba ihlobo liqhubeka, futhi nakakhulu ekupheleni kwenkathi yezokuvakasha kanye nonyaka wesikole, inani lamalungu liqala ukwehla kakhulu. Ukwehla okuphawuleka kakhulu kwenzeke ngoJanuwari, lapho ukuphelelwa yisikhathi kwezinkontileka zesizini zokuthengisa nezokungenisa izihambi kulethwa inani lamalungu endaweni ephansi kakhulu onyakeni. NgoJanuwari 2023, usuku olunobulungu obuphansi kwaba umhla zingama-31, nge Izigidi ezingu-20,04, cishe ngesigidi esingaphansi kwesiqongo sasehlobo.
Isikhashana sisekhona naphezu kwezinguquko zakamuva zezabasebenzi. Izinkontileka zesikhashana zihamba phambili emikhakheni eminingi yesizini, nakuba kube nenqubekelaphambili kukhwalithi yenkontileka nokuzinza kusukela ekushintsheni komthetho ngo-2022. Isikhathi sonyaka asithinti nje ezokuvakasha kuphela kodwa nezemfundo nezohwebo, lapho ukuqedwa kwemikhankaso nezifundo kunquma ubude besikhathi somsebenzi.
Izikhathi zokuqasha eziyinhloko eSpain
Ngale kwedatha yonyaka, kufanelekile ukubhekisisa izikhathi ezibalulekile zokudala amathuba emisebenzi amakhulu eSpain:
- Ihlobo (Juni-Julayi): Lesi sigaba sibala inani elikhulu lezinkontileka, eliqhutshwa ukufunwa okuvela emkhakheni wezokuvakasha. Izinkampani ze ukungenisa izihambi nokupheka Baba amajeneretha amakhulu kakhulu okuqashwa unomphela kanye netoho.
- Intwasahlobo (April-May): Lokhu kusebenza ikakhulukazi ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yePhasika, evame ukuhambisana nokukhula okukhulu kwezivakashi nezokuvakasha, kodwa futhi kunomthelela kwezolimo nezokuthutha.
- Ukuphela konyaka (Okthoba-Novemba-Disemba): Eminyakeni yamuva, kube khona a Ukwanda kokuqashwa ngesikhathi somkhankaso wezohwebo eqala ngo-Black Friday futhi iphele ngokudayiswa kukaJanuwari. Imikhakha efana nokuthenga, ukuhlelwa kwempahla, kanye nokugcinwa kwempahla ithola amanye amaphuzu aqine kakhulu ngalesi sikhathi.
El ukuhlaziywa kwe-InfoJobs kanye no-Esade ngo-2024, leli phethini liqinisekisiwe: inani eliphakeme kakhulu lezikhala liqondana no-Okthoba noNovemba, izinyanga ezibalulekile ngenxa yokuhlangana kwemikhankaso yezohwebo kanye nokuqala kwemikhosi kaKhisimusi. Isiqongo sesibili esikhulu senzeka phakathi kuka-April no-August, isikhathi esibalulekile kwezokuvakasha, ukungenisa izihambi, kanye nemisebenzi ehlobene nePhasika nehlobo.
Izigodi zenzeka ikakhulukazi ngoJanuwari no-August. UDisemba, eminyakeni edlule okwakungenye yezinyanga eziphakeme kakhulu ekupheleni kwesizini yamaholide, okwamanje ubona inani eliphansi lemititilizo, njengoba okunye ukubhukha kulethwa ngoNovemba futhi ukwanda kokuthengisa kusakazwa ezikhathini ezihlukene zokuphromotha.
Idatha yakamuva yobulungu, izikhala nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi
Ukukhula kwemisebenzi eSpain eminyakeni yamuva nje bekubalulekile, ikakhulukazi uma kubhekwa ukululama kubhubhane lwe-COVID-19. Phakathi kuka-2021 no-2023, inani lokuphepha komphakathi likhule ngaphezu kwesigidi esisodwa, lafinyelela kubasebenzi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-21 ekupheleni kuka-2023, ngokusho kwe-Eurostat. Ngo-Ephreli 2025, irekhodi laqoshwa nalo 230.993 amalungu amasha enyangeni eyodwa nje sibonga ukudonswa kwemboni yezokuvakasha phakathi neVeki Elingcwele, okubeka inani eliphelele endaweni Izigidi ezingu-21,6 kwabanikelayo.
Mayelana nokungasebenzi, ngo-Ephreli 2025 kuvalwe nge 2.512.718 abangasebenzi, izinga eliphansi kakhulu kusukela ngowezi-2008. Ukwehla okukhulu kakhulu bekusembonini yezinsizakalo, okusekelwe ukukhula kwezokuvakasha nokwamukela izihambi, kanye nezokwakha nezimboni. Ubalule ukwehla kwesibalo sabantu abasha abangasebenzi, njengoba ngo-Ephreli sehle ngo-20.095 25 abantu abaneminyaka engaphansi kuka-XNUMX, okwenza isibalo sabantu abasha abangasebenzi sibe phansi emlandweni wale nyanga.
Ukuvela kokuqashwa nakho kukhombisa ukuzinza okukhulu. Amaphesenti abasebenzi abanezinkontileka ezigcwele afinyelele ku-88% wamalungu, nakuba ngaphezu kuka-55% wezinkontileka ezintsha ezisayinwe phakathi nenyanga bekungezesikhashana, okukhombisa ukuqhubeka kokuqashwa kwabantu ababili. Uma kuqhathaniswa neminye iminotho emikhulu ye-EU, amandla eSpain makhulu: kusukela ngo-2022 izinguquko zezabasebenzi, ubulungu bukhule ngo-9,3%, uma kuqhathaniswa no-6,4% e-Italy, 1,9% eFrance, kanye no-1,6% eJalimane.
Iqhaza lemikhakha yezomnotho: ezokuvakasha, ezokuvakasha, ezokuthutha, ezobuchwepheshe nokunye
Isizini yemakethe yezabasebenzi ibonakala ikakhulukazi ku izihambi, ezokuvakasha kanye nezohwebo, kodwa futhi emisebenzini efana nokwakha, ukukhiqiza kanye nemfundo. Umbiko we-Funcas kanye nokuhlaziywa kwenkundla ye-Indeed kugqamisa ukuthi phakathi kuka-2020 no-2024, ukuchuma kokuqashwa bekusabalala, nakuba ngamanani ahluke kakhulu kuye ngomkhakha:
- Izihambi nezokuvakasha: Bangabalingiswa beziqongo zehlobo nePhasika, ngokunyuka kwamalungu angaphezu kwe-100.000 ngo-Ephreli 2025 kuphela. Bamele umshayeli oyinhloko wobulungu besizini, kodwa futhi nokushintshashintsha okukhulu kakhulu.
- Logistics nokuthenga: Isabelo sayo sikhule cishe ngo-9% minyaka yonke, siqhutshwa ukwanda kwe-e-commerce kanye nedijithali, ngeziqongo eziphawulekayo ekwindla nasebusika (imikhankaso yezentengiso). Ngo-2024, ukuvuleka kwemisebenzi kwezokuthutha kube nokukhula okuphawulekayo, nezikhala zezikhala ezingama-291.649, ezingaphezu kwezi-20.000 kunonyaka odlule.
- Ubuchwepheshe kanye ne-IT: Nakuba ukuvuleka kwemisebenzi kunqanyuliwe ngo-2024, bayaqhubeka nokunikeza amaholo aphakathi nendawo, angaphezu kwama-€34.000 ngonyaka.
- Imboni yezokwakha neyokukhiqiza: Ukukhula bekungama-109% kanye no-123% ngokulandelanayo ngaphezu kwamazinga angaphambi kobhubhane, okukhombisa ukululama okuqhumayo kanye nesidingo esiqhubekayo sabasebenzi.
- Eminye imisebenzi: Lokhu kuhlanganisa imisebenzi enjengobuciko, ukuzijabulisa, ukuhlanza, ukusiza amakhasimende, ukushayela, ukulungisa ukudla, nokunakekelwa kwezempilo, okuvame ukwanda ngezikhathi zamaholide nangenkathi kaKhisimusi.
Ukuqashwa kwesikhashana kusalokhu kuphezulu kule mikhakha, nakuba inkambiso evamile ikhomba ekukhuphukeni kwezikhala zezikhala, okusho ukuthi izikhundla ziyagcwaliswa futhi zishintshwe ngokushesha ngenxa yesidingo esiqhubekayo kanye nokufakwa kwedijithali kwezinqubo zokuqasha.
Amandla amasha: inzuzo, idijithali kanye namaholo
Imakethe yezabasebenzi yaseSpain ayikhuli nje kuphela: iba. Ngokwemininingwane evela ku-Impela ne-Funcas, ukuvulwa kwemisebenzi eSpain kukhule ngamaphesenti angama-2020 kusukela ngoFebhuwari 2024 kuya kuFebhuwari 50, kwafinyelela emazingeni omlando. Kodwa-ke, ekuqaleni kuka-2024, kutholwe ukwehla okungu-8% esitokweni esiphelele sezinto ezinikezwayo, nakuba ukuthutheleka kwemititilizo emisha kwaqhubeka nokwanda, okuphakamisa umjikelezo wenzuzo oshesha kakhulu futhi onamandla.
Lokhu kushesha kwemisebenzi yezikhala kungenxa yezinto ezimbili: ukwenziwa kwedijithali kwengosi yemisebenzi (okusiza ukushicilelwa okushesha nokuvalwa kwezikhala) kanye nesidingo sokugcwalisa izikhundla cishe ngokushesha emikhakheni edingeka kakhulu. Isibonelo, ngo-2023 isilinganiso sanyanga zonke sokunikezwa kwemisebenzi emisha kwa-Impela eSpain sasingu-53.000, siphelezelwa cishe 7,6 million usesho lwanyanga zonke. Ku-InfoJobs kuphela, kwathunyelwa izikhala ezimaphakathi ezingu-200.000 ngenyanga ngo-2024.
El Ngempela inkomba yeholo kukhombisa ukuthi ukuhlobana phakathi kwenani lemisebenzi enikezwayo kanye nokwenyuswa kwamaholo kunamandla ikakhulukazi emisebenzini ehola kancane naphakathi, lapho ukukhula kwamaholo kufinyelele cishe ku-6% ngo-2023. Ngokuphambene, imisebenzi ehola kakhulu yenyuka kancane.
Izikhathi zesizini ngokusho komphakathi ozimele
I-Las umehluko wezindawo Emsebenzini wonyaka ziyaphawuleka futhi zifanelwe ukukhulunywa ngokukhethekile. I-Madrid neCatalonia iphethe imakethe yemisebenzi, emele u-26% no-21%, ngokulandelana, wezikhala eziphelele ze-InfoJobs ngo-2024. I-Andalusia kanye nomphakathi waseValencian bathatha izikhundla ezilandelayo, nakuba ukuvuleka kwemisebenzi kulezi zifunda kwehle uma kuqhathaniswa neminyaka edlule, ngaphandle kwaseMadrid, eyagcina ukukhula kwayo.
Mayelana namaholo, i-Basque Country ne-Navarre zihola indlela ngamaholo aphakathi nendawo aphezulu anikezwayo, kulandele iMadrid ne-Andalusia. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Extremadura kwakuyisifunda lapho amaholo anikezwa khona ehle kakhulu ngo-2024, ehla ngesilinganiso sama-€2.843 uma kuqhathaniswa nonyaka odlule.
Umthelela wezinkathi ezithile zonyaka nawo uyahlukahluka kuzo zonke izifunda: izindawo ezisogwini kanye nalezo ezinomthwalo omkhulu wezivakashi zithola inani eliphakeme kakhulu lobulungu phakathi nehlobo nangePhasika, kuyilapho izifunda zezimboni ezifana ne-Basque Country ne-Navarre zinesidingo esiqhubekayo unyaka wonke.
Umthelela woguquko lwezabasebenzi kanye nemisebenzi ephezulu enezengezo
Enye yentuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu ku-dynamics yenkontileka yeshumi leminyaka elidlule kube yi uguquko lwezabasebenzi luka-2022. Lolu shintsho lwezomthetho lukhulise ukuqashwa okungapheli kanye nokuzinza kwabasebenzi, nakuba amanani aphezulu okuqashwa ngezikhathi ezithile eqhubeka. Kusukela ekuqalisweni kwezinguquko, i-Social Security yengeze abasebenzi abengeziwe abayizigidi ezingu-1,74, iningi labo elinezinkontileka ezinzile.
Umfutho we imisebenzi ephezulu ye-value-added kungenye inkambiso eya phezulu. Imikhakha efana nolwazi, ezokuxhumana, kanye nemisebenzi yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe ikhule ngaphezu kuka-15% kusukela ekupheleni kuka-2021, ngaphezu kwesilinganiso. Lokhu kuphambene nemvelo yesizini kanye neyesikhashana yemboni yokwamukela izihambi, nakuba kokubili kuhlangana futhi kuhambisana esakhiweni esikhiqizayo sezwe.
Ukwenziwa kwedijithali kanye nesidingo samaphrofayili ezobuchwepheshe kuqinise isidingo sokuzivumelanisa nokutshala imali ekuqeqeshweni okuqhubekayo, njengoba amakhono adingeka kakhulu athuthuka ngokushesha futhi ukungafani phakathi kokunikezwa kwethalente nokufunwa kuseyinkinga kubaqashi.
Umbono wamazwe ngamazwe: ISpain ngokumelene neYurophu
Imakethe yezabasebenzi yaseSpain ibonise a amandla amakhulu kakhulu kunesilinganiso se-eurozone, ikakhulukazi ekululameni kwangemva kobhubhane. Phakathi kuka-2021 no-2023, iSpain yaphinda kabili izinga lokukhula kwemisebenzi uma iqhathaniswa ne-eurozone, ngenxa yokutholwa kwemisebenzi elahlekile kanye nokukhula kwemikhuba ephakeme kunangaphambili kwalolu bhubhane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushoda kwabasebenzi kuzwakale kakhulu lapha kunasemazweni angomakhelwane: ngo-2023, ama-8% ezinkampani zezimboni, ama-13% ezinkampani zokwakha, kanye nama-23% ezinkampani zezinsizakalo aveze ukushoda kwabasebenzi njengesithiyo esikhulu ekwandiseni umkhiqizo. Le nselelo yehlile ekuqaleni kuka-2024, nakuba isengaphezulu kwamazinga omlando.
Ngokuphathelene namaholo, ukukhula kweSpain kwakuhambisana ne-eurozone ngesikhathi sokubuyiselwa, nakuba i-rebound yabonakala kakhulu, yafinyelela ku-6,3% uma kuqhathaniswa ne-5,2% eYurophu ekuphakameni kwayo. Njengamanje, ukukhula kwamaholo kuyehla kodwa kusalokhu kungaphezu kwesilinganiso saseYurophu.
Amathrendi ephothali yomsebenzi: InfoJobs, Ngempela, neminye imithombo
Izinkundla zedijithali ziguqule indlela esesha ngayo imisebenzi kanye nokulinganisa imijikelezo yokuqashwa. InfoJobs y Ngempela Ziyimithombo esetshenziswa kakhulu ukuqapha imakethe yezabasebenzi yaseSpain. Ngo-2024, i-InfoJobs yabhalisa nxazonke 2,4 million izikhala zemisebenzi (engaphansi kuka-3% kunonyaka odlule) kanye nabangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-4 ababhaliselwe, okunikeza umbono wokuncintisana okuphezulu phakathi kwabafuna umsebenzi.
Umbiko ohlanganyelwe we InfoJobs y I-Esade Igqamisa ukuthi inani eliphakeme lanyanga zonke lezikhala ngo-2024 lalingu-241.022 ngo-Okthoba, okuhambisana nokuqala komkhankaso wokuthengisa wokuphela konyaka. UZibandlela, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwakuyinyanga enezipesheli ezimbalwa kakhulu. Izigaba ezinezikhala eziningi kube ezokuthenga, ezokuthutha, nezindawo zokugcina izimpahla, kanye nemikhakha yezohwebo neyokuthengisa, ezobuciko nemisebenzi yezandla, nobuchwepheshe.
En Ngempela, isilinganiso sanyanga zonke sokuthunyelwa kwemisebenzi emisha ngo-2023 sasingu-53.000, nokukhula kwenani lemisebenzi kanye nokuhlobana okucacile phakathi kweziqongo zokuthunyelwa kwemisebenzi nokukhushulwa kwamaholo. Impela indlela yokusebenza, esekelwe ucwaningo olwenziwa i-Funcas, ibonisa ukuthi umkhakha kanye nokwakheka kwezwe kokuthunyelwe kwemisebenzi ku-inthanethi kuhambisana kahle nedatha esemthethweni, nakuba kuhlale kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuthumela okukodwa kungase kubonise izikhala eziningi nokuthi eminye imisebenzi ayifakwa kulezi ziteshi.
Imisebenzi namaqembu ochwepheshe: Kukuphi ukufunwa okukhuphuka kakhulu?
Ukwehlukaniswa komsebenzi kugqamisa ukuthi amaphrofayili afunwa kakhulu anesidingo esikhulu kakhulu awahlali afaneleka kakhulu. Ukwakhiwa nokukhiqiza kubone ukwanda okukhulu kwesihlobo ngemuva kobhubhane, kulandelwa ukubhekelwa kwabathengi nezinye izinsiza.
Ezigabeni ezikhokha kancane, imisebenzi enenzuzo ephezulu kakhulu kanye nenani eliphezulu lokuthumela imisebenzi ibone ukukhushulwa kwamaholo okubaluleke kakhulu. Imisebenzi yobungcweti bendabuko kanye nemisebenzi eholela kakhulu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikhombisa inkambiso ezinzile, engenakho ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwesidingo noma amaholo anikezwayo.
Ukukhula kwamaholo kwangempela (okulungiselwe ukwehla kwamandla emali) kuye kwagqama ikakhulukazi emisebenzini ehola kancane naphakathi, ukuphendula ingcindezi evela kumaholo amancane kanye nokushoda kochwepheshe emikhakheni ethinteke kakhulu ngenxa yenzuzo.
Ikusasa eliseduze: Ingabe iziqongo nezinkathi zonyaka kuzoqhubeka?
Ukuthambekela kweminyaka yamuva kubonisa lokho Isikhathi sonyaka sihlala siyingxenye esemqoka emakethe yezabasebenzi yase-Spain, kodwa izinguquko ezibalulekile zenzeka. Iziqongo zokuqashwa zivame ukunwetshwa, zihlakazeke ezikhathini ezahlukahlukene zonyaka kuye ngemikhankaso yokuthengisa nemicimbi yokuphromotha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-digitalization ivumela izinkampani ukuthi zivumelanise amaqembu azo ngokushesha okukhulu, zinciphise ubude bezikhathi eziphakeme kodwa zikhuphule imvamisa yokuqasha.
Izinselelo zesikhathi esizayo eziseduze zihlanganisa ukunciphisa ukubili okusekelwe esikhathini, ukuhlanganisa ukuzinza kwenkontileka, nokuqinisa ukuqeqeshwa kumakhono edijithali nawezobuchwepheshe, ayanda ukuba khona kuyo yomibili imisebenzi emisha kanye nemikhakha eyengeziwe yendabuko.
Le makethe eshintsha njalo ibonisa lokho izikhathi ze-boom ne-bust zichazwe ngokucacile, okuphawulwa ngamandla ezokuvakasha, ezentengiselwano, nokungenisa izihambi, kodwa futhi nangokubaluleka okwandayo kokuhlelwa kwempahla, ubuchwepheshe, nezinkonzo ezinenani eliphezulu. Ukulindela kanye nokuvumelana nezimo kuzoba ukhiye kubasebenzi namabhizinisi kulesi simo esithuthukayo.