Ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe: ithiyori, umkhuba kanye namathuba emisebenzi

El Ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe sekuyinto ebalulekile yephazili ukuhwebelana kwezomnotho emhlabeni wonkeKuchaza ukuthi kungani sidla imikhiqizo evela kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba, ukuthi izinkampani zakhiwe kanjani, nokuthi iyiphi indima edlalwa ohulumeni nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke. Ukukuqonda kahle akuseyona eyezomnotho kuphela; kuthinta umsebenzi wakho, amanani owakhokhayo, kanye namathuba emisebenzi ongawasebenzisa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i Ukuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe sekuphenduke ubuchwepheshe kakhulu Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izinhlelo zokuqeqeshwa kwemisebenzi, iziqu zaseyunivesithi, izinhlelo ze-master, kanye nohlu olubanzi lwezitifiketi zobuchwepheshe (amasiko, ezokuthutha, ezezimali zamazwe ngamazwe, ama-Incoterms, njll.) kuye kwavela, kuqeqeshwa ochwepheshe abakwazi ukuhambisa izimpahla, izinsizakalo, kanye nemali emhlabeni wonke ngaphandle kokuphazamisa uhlelo. Sizohlola ukuthi ukuhweba kwamazwe ngamazwe kuyini, imibono echazayo, ukuthi kulawulwa kanjani, amaphrofayili ochwepheshe akudingayo, kanye nokuthi yini efundwayo ezidingweni eziyinhloko ezihlobene nalo mkhakha.

Kuyini ukuhweba kwamazwe ngamazwe futhi kuhluke kanjani ekuhwebeni kwangaphandle?

Uma sikhuluma ngokuhweba ngamazwe ngamazwe, sibhekisela ku- ukushintshaniswa kwezimpahla, izinsizakalo kanye nemali phakathi kwamazweOkusho ukuthi, yonke imisebenzi yokuthenga nokuthengisa ewela imingcele: kusukela esitsheni semishini kuya ezinsizakalweni zokubonisana, isofthiwe, ezokuvakasha, noma ukutshalwa kwezimali ezinkampanini kwamanye amazwe.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhweba kwamanye amazwe kusetshenziselwa ukukhuluma ubudlelwano bezohwebo bezwe elithile nomhlaba wonkeNgakho-ke, ukuhweba kwangaphandle kweSpain kungaba yisamba sempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle kanye nengeniswayo, kuyilapho ukuhweba kwamazwe ngamazwe kuhlanganisa lonke uhlelo lokugeleza phakathi kwazo zonke izizwe.

Le nethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke ihlelwe ngendlela izivumelwano, izivumelwano kanye nemithetho ezifuna ukunikeza uhlelo ukubikezela: zinciphisa amanani entela, zichaza imithetho yomdlalo yokuncintisana, zilawula ukuxazululwa kwezingxabano futhi zimise amazinga obuchwepheshe, ezempilo noma ezemvelo.

Empeleni, ukumaketha kwamazwe ngamazwe kusho ukuthi izinkampani kumele lungisa imikhiqizo yakho, izinqubo kanye namasu okumaketha emakethe ngayinye, ukuxhumanisa ezokuthutha kanye nezokuthutha kwamanye amazwe, phatha izimali kanye nezingozi zezepolitiki, kanye nokuxoxisana ngezinkontileka ezihlonipha izinhlaka zomthetho ezahlukene.

Imisebenzi kanye namaphrofayili ochwepheshe kwezohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe

Intuthuko yokuhweba komhlaba wonke idale amaphrofayili ochwepheshe akhethekile kakhulu, kokubili ezinkampanini ezizimele nasemabhange, ezinkampanini zomshuwalense, ezikhungweni zomphakathi noma ezinhlanganweni zamazwe ngamazwe.

Phakathi kwezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokuphuma ezihlobene nokuhweba kwamanye amazwe yilezi:

• Uchwepheshe kwezohwebo lwangaphandle: uphatha imisebenzi yokungenisa nokuthumela kwamanye amazwe, uhlela imibhalo, ulawula izinsuku zokugcina, uqondisa ezokuthutha futhi aqinisekise ukuhambisana nemithethonqubo yamasiko kanye nokuhweba.
• Umsizi Wezohwebo Lwamazwe Ngamazwe noma Isithasiselo: inikeza ukwesekwa emnyangweni wokuthumela impahla kwamanye amazwe/ukungenisa impahla, ilungiselela okunikezwayo kwezentengiselwano, iqoqa ulwazi lwemakethe futhi ixhumanisa nabathumeli bempahla, ama-ejenti entela kanye namakhasimende aphesheya.
• I-ejenti yezohwebo yamazwe ngamazwe: imele izinkampani ezimakethe zakwamanye amazwe, ifuna amakhasimende kanye nabasabalalisi, ixoxisana ngemibandela yokuthengisa futhi ilandelela ukuthengiselana.
• Uchwepheshe Wokumaketha Kwamazwe Ngamazwe kanye Nokuthengisa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe: ivumelanisa ingxube yokumaketha nezwe ngalinye, iklama imikhankaso yomhlaba wonke, ibeka amasu okubeka amanani emhlabeni wonke futhi ixhumanisa amanethiwekhi okusabalalisa.
• Umthumeli wezimpahla kanye ne-ejenti yemikhumbiUmthumeli wezimpahla uhlela ukuthuthwa kwamanye amazwe okuya endlini ngendlu; umthumeli umele umnini wemikhumbi echwebeni futhi uphatha imisebenzi yechweba.
• umqhubi wezokuthutha kanye nochwepheshe wezokuthutha: uhlela imizila, ulungiselela imithwalo, uhlela izindawo zokugcina impahla futhi uxazulule izehlakalo ezikuchungechungeni lokuphakelwa komhlaba wonke.
• Umxhumanisi wezokuthutha kanye nomxhumanisi wezokuthutha obuyela emuvaIhlela ukubuyiselwa kwemali, ukubuyiselwa kwemali, ukuvuselelwa kabusha noma ukulungiswa kabusha kwemikhiqizo kanye nokupakisha, indawo ebaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokusimama.
• Uchwepheshe wezokusebenza kwamanye amazwe ezinhlanganweni zezimali nezomshuwalense: iphatha amakhredithi amadokhumenti, imali ethunyelwayo, iziqinisekiso zasebhange, ukumbozwa kwengozi yokushintshanisa kanye nomshwalense wekhredithi yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe.

Laba ochwepheshe basebenza e izinkampani ezivela kunoma yimuphi umkhakha okhiqizayoNakuba ukuba khona kwabo kunamandla kakhulu kwezentengiselwano, ukumaketha, ukukhiqiza, ezokuthutha, ezezimali kanye nomshuwalense, imisebenzi yabo isukela ekuhleleni amasu kuya ekuxoxisaneni nasekusebenzeni kokuthunyelwa ngakunye.

Imisebenzi eyinhloko yochwepheshe bezohwebo lwangaphandle

Emsebenzini wabo wansuku zonke, uchwepheshe wezohwebo wamazwe ngamazwe uhlanganisa ukuhlaziywa kwezomnotho, ukuphathwa kokusebenza kanye nokuxoxisanaPhakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe evelele kakhulu yile:

• Ukuhlaziywa kwemakethe yamazwe ngamazwe: isidingo sokufunda, ukuncintisana, izithiyo zokungena, izidingo zomthetho kanye nemikhuba yabathengi emazweni ahlukene ukuze kutholakale amathuba.
• Ukuphathwa kokungenisa nokuthumela kwamanye amazwe: hlela ama-oda, ezokuthutha, umshwalense, izinqubo zentela, izitifiketi zemvelaphi, amalayisense kanye nayo yonke imibhalo ehambisana nempahla.
• Ukuxoxisana ngemigomo nezivumelwano zezentengiselwano: vumelana ngamanani, izinsuku zokugcina, izindlela zokukhokha, ama-Incoterms, iziqinisekiso, izigaba zokuxazulula izingxabano noma izinhlawulo zokungalandeli imithetho.
• Ukuphathwa kwezimpahla kanye nempahla yamasiko: khetha indlela efanele kakhulu yokuhamba kanye nomzila, nquma phakathi kokuhlanganiswa kweqembu noma isitsha esigcwele, lindela izikhathi zokuhamba futhi uhambisane nemithetho yentela kanye nemithetho engekho emthethweni.
• Ukuhlolwa kwengozi kanye nokuhambisana nemithetho: hlola izingozi zamazinga okushintshaniswa kwemali, ukwehluleka, ukungazinzi kwezepolitiki, izigwebo zomhlaba wonke noma izithiyo zobuchwepheshe, futhi uqinisekise ukuhambisana nemithetho kazwelonke neyamazwe ngamazwe.

Ukuze wenze lokhu, okulandelayo kuyadingeka: amakhono anamandla kakhulu okuwela ngaphesheyaUkuxhumana okuphumelelayo, ukusebenzisana njengeqembu, amakhono okuxoxisana, ukuphatha ulwazi oluyinkimbinkimbi, ukuzwela kwamasiko ahlukahlukene, kanye nokuzibophezela kokuziphatha emakethe nasemphakathini.

Ukubaluleka kokuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwamazwe

Ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe bekulokhu kuyi- injini yokukhula komnothoIzimakethe ezivulekile zivumela amazwe ukuthi andise isidingo sawo esingaba khona, asebenzise izinzuzo zawo eziqhathaniswayo, futhi athole utshalomali oluqondile lwangaphandle.

Ngaphezu komthelela wayo ku-GDP, ukuhweba kwenza kube lula ukushintshana kwamasiko nobuchwepheshe okuqhubekayoKusatshalaliswa izinto ezintsha, kudalwa amanethiwekhi olwazi, futhi kukhiqizwa imisebenzi ehlobene nemisebenzi enenani eliphezulu.

Ngasohlangothini lwezepolitiki, izivumelwano zokuhweba ngokuvamile qinisa ubudlelwano futhi unciphise ukungezwaniIminotho ehlangene kakhulu ivame ukufuna izixazululo ezixoxiswane ngazo zezingxabano zayo, njengoba ukungqubuzana okuvulekile kungalimaza izintambo zenani ababelana ngazo.

Futhi inomphumela wezenhlalo namasiko: ukukhululeka kwezohwebo kukhuthaza isidingo sokuhumusha, ukulamula kwamasiko ahlukene kanye nokufunda ulimikanye nemikhuba efana ukuhweba okulungile, okucebisa imiphakathi futhi kukhiqize imisebenzi ehlobene nokuxhumana komhlaba wonke.

Imibono yezomnotho yokuhweba kwamazwe ngamazwe

Ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe akunakuqondwa ngaphandle imibono echaza ukuthi kungani amazwe ahwebelana nokuthi kanjaniKuwo wonke umlando, kuye kwasungulwa izindlela ezahlukahlukene kakhulu, kusukela ku-mercantilism kuya emibonweni yakamuva ngomnotho wezwe noma ukwehluleka kwemakethe.

Ukuhweba ngokweqile kanye nokuhweba okuningi

I-Mercantilism, yayingaphezu nje kwemfundiso esemthethweni, umkhuba wezomnotho ovelele eYurophu phakathi kwekhulu le-16 nele-18. Ingcebo kazwelonke yayihlotshaniswa nokuqongelela kwezinsimbi eziyigugu, ngakho-ke izifundazwe zazifuna ukugcina insalela yokuhweba: ukuthumela ngaphandle okungaphezu kwalokho ezazikungenisa.

Ukuze kufezwe lokhu, ohulumeni bangenelela kakhulu: Baxhasa ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe futhi babeka intela ephezulu. Izilinganiso zokungenisa impahla kwamanye amazwe zazivimbela ukuphuma kwegolide nesiliva futhi zavikela ukukhiqizwa kwasekhaya. Izimiso ezinjengokubeka phambili ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa zasekhaya, ukukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwendawo, kanye nokugcina imakethe yasekhaya yabakhiqizi bakazwelonke zalandelwa.

Izazi zezomnotho zakudala ezifana UHume, uSmith, noRicardo bagxeka i-mercantilismUveze ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuthi wonke amazwe alondoloze insalela ehlala njalo nokuthi ukuthanda kakhulu izinsimbi eziqongelelekayo kuyaphazamisa ukuhweba.

Ithiyori yakudala: inzuzo ephelele neqhathaniswayo

Kuvela u-Adam Smith ithiyori yenzuzo epheleleIzwe ngalinye kufanele ligxile ekukhiqizeni nasekuthumeleni izimpahla elingazikhiqiza ngezindleko eziphansi kunezinye, futhi lingenise lezo lapho zingasebenzi kahle khona. Ukuhweba ngokukhululeka, kulolu hlaka, kwandisa ingcebo yomhlaba wonke.

UDavid Ricardo uthatha elinye igxathu nge- inzuzo yokuqhathanisaNgisho noma izwe liphumelela kakhudlwana ekukhiqizeni zonke izimpahla, kuzuzisa kakhulu ukugxila kulezo lapho inzuzo yalo ikhulu khona. Okubalulekile akuseyona izindleko eziphelele, kodwa izindleko zamathuba okukhiqiza impahla eyodwa noma enye.

Lo mbono ukhombisa ukuthi ukuhweba kungenza ukuze kuzuze wonke amazwe ahilelekileuma nje bengochwepheshe ngokwesakhiwo sabo sezindleko. Kodwa-ke, akubandakanyi izici ezifana nezindleko zokuhamba, imithethonqubo, noma ukuhamba kwezici zokukhiqiza.

Imodeli ye-Heckscher-Ohlin kanye ne-factor endowment

Imodeli ye-Heckscher-Ohlin ithi iphethini yokuhweba ichazwa yi- umehluko kuma-factor endowments (umhlaba, abasebenzi, imali) phakathi kwamazwe. Umbuso ngamunye uzothambekela ekuthumeleni ngaphandle lezo zimpahla ezisebenzisa kakhulu into enayo ngobuningi, futhi uzongenisa lezo ezidinga izinto ezingavamile endaweni yawo.

Ngokungafani nendlela kaRicardian, le mbono igxile ku- ukwabiwa kwezinsizakusebenza emhlabeni wonkeAmazwe acebile ngezimali agxile ezintweni ezidinga imali eningi; amazwe acebile ngezisebenzi agxile emikhakheni edinga abasebenzi abaningi.

Imibono ye-Heterodox kanye nethisisi ye-Singer-Prebisch

Imibono ye-Heterodox (i-Marxism, i-Keynesianism, ezomnotho zezikhungo, inkolelo-mbono yobunzima…) iyavuma ukuthi Ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe akwabelani izinzuzo ngokulinganayo.Ziqokomisa ukungalingani phakathi kwamazwe athuthukile nasathuthuka, kanye nokwenzeka kokuthi uhlelo luzohlanganisa izikhundla zokuthembela.

Ithisisi ye-Singer-Prebisch ithi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, Amazwe athumela izinto zokusetshenziswa kwamanye amazwe ayawohloka ngokwemigomo yawo yokuhweba maqondana namazwe athuthukile athumela izimpahla ezikhiqizwe kwamanye amazwe. Okusho ukuthi, kudingeka athumele izinto zokusetshenziswa eziningi ukuze athenge inani elifanayo lezimpahla ezikhiqizwe kwamanye amazwe.

Ukuphendula, kuphakanyiswa okulandelayo: izinqubomgomo zokwenziwa kwezimboni, ukwenziwa kwezinsizakusebenza kube nguhulumeniUkutshalwa kwezimali kwezemfundo nobuchwepheshe, ukulawulwa kwamanani ezimpahla, kanye nokukhuthaza ukuhweba kwesifunda phakathi kwamazwe asathuthuka.

Isidingo esivumelanayo kanye nombono kaMill wokuhweba

UJohn Stuart Mill wethula umqondo wokuthi isidingo esivumelanayoIzimo zokuhwebelana phakathi kwamazwe azixhomekile nje kuphela ezindleleni zokukhiqiza, kodwa futhi nasekuqineni kwesidingo sezwe ngalinye sezimpahla zelinye.

Kulesi simo, izwe elincane kakhulu lingakwazi thola imigomo yokuhweba engcono kakhulu Uma isidingo sezwe elikhulu sokuthumela impahla yalo kwamanye amazwe siphezulu uma siqhathaniswa nokunikezwa kwalo, ukuhweba ngakho-ke kuthonywa yizintandokazi zabathengi kanye nosayizi wemakethe.

Eminye imibono efanele: umphumela we-Fisher wamazwe ngamazwe, i-Linder, umjikelezo wokuphila komkhiqizo, kanye nemibono emisha

Umphumela we-Fisher wamazwe ngamazwe uhlobene ukukhuphuka kwamanani entengo, amazinga enzalo kanye namazinga okushintshanisa phakathi kwamazwe amabili: uma ukwehla kwamandla emali kuphakeme ezweni elilodwa, amazinga enzalo ayo ajwayelekile azovame ukuba phezulu, futhi lokhu kuhunyushwa kube okulindelwe mayelana nokuthuthuka kwemali kanye nokugeleza kwemali.

Ithiyori kaLinder yokudinga okumelwe igxile ku- ukufana kwamazinga emali engenayo kanye namaphethini okusetshenziswaIphikisana ngokuthi amazwe anezakhiwo ezifanayo zesidingo (ngenxa yokuba nemali engenayo efanayo ngomuntu ngamunye) avame ukuhwebelana kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezimpahleni ezikhiqizwe kanye nokuhwebelana ngaphakathi kwemboni.

Ithiyori yomjikelezo wokuphila komkhiqizo kaVernon ichaza ukuthi ukukhiqizwa koshintsho oluhle phakathi kwamazwe Kuyo yonke impilo yayo yezentengiselwano: ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokukhiqiza kwenzeka ekuqaleni emazweni athuthukile, bese kuba nokulinganisa futhi okunye ukukhiqizwa kuthunyelwe kwamanye amazwe anezindleko eziphansi, futhi ekugcineni, lapho umkhiqizo usuvuthiwe, amazwe angathuthukile angaba abakhiqizi abakhulu.

Kusukela ngawo-70 kanye nawo-80 kuqhubeke, kwavela okulandelayo imibono emisha yokuhweba (Krugman, Dixit, Brander, Spencer), abethula umnotho wesilinganiso, ukuhlukaniswa komkhiqizo, kanye nokwehluleka kwemakethe. Babonisa ukuthi, lapho kukhona inzuzo ekhulayo kanye nokuncintisana okungaphelele, inqubomgomo yokuhweba enamasu (isibonelo, ukusekela imikhakha enenzuzo engavamile noma izici zobuchwepheshe ezinamandla) ingashintsha ubuchwepheshe bamazwe ngamazwe.

Ukwahlukaniswa kwabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke kwamanje kubonisa lezi zinguquko: izintambo zenani zomhlaba wonke lapho ukukhiqizwa kwempahla efanayo kusatshalaliswa khona phakathi kwamazwe amaningi, ngalinye ligxile esigabeni esithile ngokwezinzuzo zalo ezindleleni, ubuchwepheshe noma izinsiza zabantu.

Umthethonqubo, izinqubomgomo zokuhweba kanye nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke

Ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe kuqondiswa yi izinqubomgomo zomphakathi kanye nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe okungase kube lula noma kuncane ukuvuleleka ekuhwebeni okukhululekile.

Ukukhululeka, ukuhweba okukhululekile kanye nokuvikela

Ukukhululeka kwezomnotho kukhuthaza Umbuso onokungenelela okulinganiselwe emnothweniIzimakethe ezivulekile kanye nokuncintisana. Ukuhweba okukhululekile kuwukusetshenziswa kwayo emkhakheni wokuhweba ngamazwe ngamazwe: ukuqedwa kwezithiyo zentela kanye nezingezona ezentela ukuze ukuhamba kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo kulungiswe ukuze kuhambisane nezinzuzo eziqhathaniswayo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Protectionism ifuna ukuvikela imikhakha yasekhaya ekuncintisaneni kwangaphandle ngokusebenzisa amanani entela, ama-quota, amalayisense, izithiyo zobuchwepheshe, izinqubomgomo zokuthengwa kwempahla zomphakathi, njll. Phakathi kwezimpikiswano zabo ezivamile kukhona ukuvikelwa kwezimboni ezisafufusa, ukuphepha kwezwe noma ukugcinwa kwemisebenzi.

Amathuluzi ajwayelekile enqubomgomo yokuhweba yile:

• Imithethonqubo yentela kanye nenqubomgomo yentelaIntela yokungenisa ukuze imikhiqizo yangaphandle ibize kakhulu.
• Izimo Ezingalindelekile noma Izabelo: imikhawulo yobuningi ekungeneni kwezimpahla ezithile.
• Azikho izithiyo zomsebenzi: izidingo zobuchwepheshe, zezempilo, zezemvelo, izindinganiso zokuphatha noma zokufaka amalebula.
• IzivikeloIzinyathelo zesikhashana zokunqanda ukungeniswa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe okulimaza kakhulu imboni yasekhaya.
• Izindlela zokulwa nokulahla inkunkuma: impendulo emikhubeni yokuthengisa engabizi kakhulu (ukulahla) ukuze uthole isabelo semakethe.

Izivumelwano zokuhweba eziyinhloko nezinhlangano

Izindawo eziningi zokushintshanisa zilawulwa ngokusebenzisa izivumelwano zamazwe amabili, zesifunda noma zamazwe amaningiEzinye izibonelo ezivelele zifaka phakathi i-USMCA (iMexico, i-US, iCanada), i-CPTPP esifundeni sase-Asia-Pacific, izivumelwano ze-EU-Japan, i-AfCFTA e-Afrika, kanye nezingxoxo mayelana Isivumelwano sokuhweba samahhala se-EU-US (TTIP).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezikhungo ezibalulekile:

• Inhlangano Yezohwebo Yomhlaba (WTO)Isungula uhlaka oluyisisekelo lwezomthetho lokuhwebelana komhlaba, iqapha izibopho, futhi isebenza njengomlamuleli ezingxabanweni.
• I-International Monetary Fund (IMF)Iqondisa ukuzinza kwezezimali zomhlaba wonke, futhi nakuba ingeyona inhlangano yezohwebo, ithonya ikhono lamazwe lokuhlanganyela kwezohwebo.
• Izinhlangano zesifunda njenge-European Union: bahlanganisa izimakethe zangaphakathi, bavumelanisa imithetho futhi baxoxisane ngezivumelwano nabantu besithathu.

Imisebenzi yezohwebo: I-Incoterms, ezokuthutha kanye nobuchwepheshe obusha

Empeleni, ukuthengiselana ngakunye kwamazwe ngamazwe kumele kuchaze othatha izindleko, izingozi kanye nezinqubo kuzo zonke izigaba zohambo lwezimpahla. Yilapho i-Incoterms, ezokuthutha, kanye namathuluzi edijithali asebenza khona.

I-Incoterms: ukwahlukaniswa kwezibopho phakathi komthengi nomthengisi

I-Incoterms (Imigomo Yezentengiselwano Yamazwe Ngamazwe) imithetho ejwayelekile edalwe yi-International Chamber of Commerce ezifakwa ngokuzithandela ezinkontilekeni zokuthengisa. Aziyona imithetho, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwazo emhlabeni wonke kuzinika amandla amakhulu asebenzayo.

I-Incoterm ngayinye ichaza ubukhulu bomthwalo wemfanelo womthengisi kanye nephuzu lapho umthwalo wemfanelo womthengi uqala khona ezindabeni ze- ukulethwa, ezokuthutha, umshwalense, ukusulwa kwentela kanye nokucatshangelwa kwengoziAmanye amagama ajwayelekile yilawa:

• I-EXW (Ex Works)Umthengisi wenza izimpahla zitholakale enqolobaneni yakhe; umthengi ube eseqala ukulayisha, ukuhambisa nokuthumela kwamanye amazwe.
• I-FCA, i-FAS, i-FOBUmthengisi uletha kumphathi wezimpahla noma eceleni/ngaphakathi komkhumbi echwebeni lokusuka, ecabanga ukuthi izindleko zizoba khona kuze kube yileso sikhathi.
• I-CFR ne-CIFUmthengisi ukhokha izindleko kanye nempahla (futhi, ku-CIF, kanye nomshwalense omncane) echwebeni lapho uya khona, kodwa ingozi idluliselwa lapho izimpahla ziwela isitimela somkhumbi lapho zivela khona.
• I-CPT kanye ne-CIP: kufana nalokhu okungenhla kodwa kusebenza kunoma iyiphi indlela yokuhamba, lapho ezokuthutha (kanye nomshuwalense, ku-CIP) zikhokhelwa endaweni okuvunyelwene ngayo.
• I-DAF, i-DES, i-DEQ: imigomo egxile ekulethweni emngceleni, emkhunjini noma echwebeni lechweba lapho uya khona.
• I-DDU kanye ne-DDP: umthengisi uletha lapho eya khona, ngaphandle kwentela yokungenisa (i-DDU) noma (i-DDP) ekhokhiwe, kucatshangelwa cishe zonke izindleko nezinqubo.

Ukukhetha i-Incoterm efanele kubalulekile ngoba Kuthinta intengo, izingozi ezicatshangelwayo, kanye nokulawulwa kokusebenza.Ukukhetha okungafanele kungadla inzuzo yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe noma kudale izingxabano ezibizayo.

Ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokwenziwa kwedijithali

I-logistics yamazwe ngamazwe ithathe igxathu elikhulu phambili ngenxa izinhlelo zolwazi ezihlanganisiwe kanye namapulatifomu kagesiNamuhla, ungakwazi ukulandelela isitsha ngesikhathi sangempela, wabelane ngemibhalo namakhasimende kanye nabaqhubi, noma uphathe ukulandeleka okuphelele kochungechunge lokuhlinzeka.

Izibonelo ezifana ne-SISCOMEX yaseBrazil zibonisa ukuthi izinhlelo zokuphatha ukuthekelisa ezihlanganisiwe Zenza kube lula izinqubo zamabhizinisi kanye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukwanda kwama-portal ezinkampani kanye nezimakethe zomhlaba wonke kwenza kube lula ngezinkampani zabo bonke osayizi ukuthola amakhasimende kwamanye amazwe.

I-inthanethi nayo ishintshile ucwaningo lwemakethe kanye nokumaketha kwamazwe ngamazweAmanethiwekhi omphakathi kanye namapulatifomu amakhulu edatha asivumela ukuthi sihlaziye ukuziphatha kwabathengi, sihlole imikhiqizo ngokushesha, futhi sihlukanise imikhankaso ngokunemba okungacabangeki eminyakeni embalwa edlule.

Imithelela yezomnotho, yezenhlalo neyezemvelo yokuhweba kwamazwe ngamazwe

Ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe kuveza izinzuzo ezicacile, kodwa futhi Izinselele okungafanele zinganakwa. Phakathi kwezinzuzo eziyinhloko esizitholayo:

• Ukwehlukahluka okukhulu kwemikhiqizo kanye nezinsizakalo zabathengi, ngamanani angcono ngenxa yokuncintisana komhlaba wonke.
• Ukukhula kwe-GDP ngokwandisa izimakethe, ukwandisa ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kanye nokuheha utshalomali oluqondile lwangaphandle.
• Ukwakhiwa kwemisebenzi emikhakheni yokuthumela ngaphandle, ezokuthutha, izinsizakalo zezezimali, ukubonisana, ubuchwepheshe, njll.
• Ubuchwepheshe kanye nokudluliswa kolwazi ngokutshalwa kwezimali, amalayisense, amabhizinisi ahlangene kanye nezinkampani zomhlaba wonke ezinenani.
• Imali engenayo yentela ephezulu okutholakala ngenxa yomthamo omkhulu wemisebenzi yezomnotho, uma nje uhlelo lwentela lusebenza kahle.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi olungajabulisi kangako, ukuhweba kungakwazi ukuqinisa ukungalingani uma izwe libhajwa emisebenzini enenani eliphansi noma libhekene nemibandela yokuhweba engemihle. Izinselele zemvelo nazo ziyavela: ukwanda kokukhishwa kwegesi okubangelwa ukuthuthwa, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezinsizakusebenza noma ukufuduswa kwemisebenzi engcolisayo.

Ezingeni lezabasebenzi, ngaphandle kwezinqubomgomo ezisekelayo, ukukhululeka kwezohwebo kungenza ukubeka ukucindezeleka emikhakheni ethile nasezindaweni ezithileukudala ukulahlekelwa kwemisebenzi yezimboni noma ukucindezela kwehliswa kwamaholo emisebenzini evezwe emncintiswaneni wamazwe ngamazwe.

Ibhalansi yezohwebo, ibhalansi yezinkokhelo kanye nokulinganiswa kokugeleza kwamazwe ngamazwe

Ukulandelela lokhu kugeleza, amathuluzi okubalwa kwezimali afana ne- ibhalansi yokuhweba kanye nebhalansi yokukhokha.

Ibhalansi yokuhweba ilinganisa umehluko phakathi ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kanye nokungeniswa kwezimpahla yezwe esikhathini esithile. Uma ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kudlula ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe, kuba khona okungaphezulu; uma kwenzeka okuphambene nalokho, kuba khona ukuntuleka.

Ibhalansi yezinkokhelo inikeza umbono obanzi: Iqopha zonke izinkontileka zomnotho phakathi kwezakhamuzi kanye nabangebona izakhamuzi. (izimpahla, izinsizakalo, imali engenayo, ukudluliselwa kwemali, ukunyakaza kwemali). Uma kukhona ukuntuleka kwemali okuqhubekayo, isikweletu sangaphandle siyanda; ngokuningi, izimpahla ziyaqongelela emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuqeqeshwa kwezohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe: Ukuqeqeshwa kwezemisebenzi, iziqu kanye namakhono

Ukwanda kokuhwebelana komhlaba wonke kuye kwaholela ekutholakaleni okubanzi kwe ukuqeqeshwa kwemisebenzi kanye neyunivesithi ethize.

Iziqu Eziphezulu Ekuhwebeni Kwamanye Amazwe

Umjikelezo Wokuqeqeshwa Kwamakhono Osezingeni Eliphezulu Kwezohwebo Lwamazwe Ngamazwe uhlose lungiselela ochwepheshe abakwaziyo ukuphatha imisebenzi yamazwe ngamazwe ngokuphelele. Ngokuvamile kuthatha iminyaka emibili futhi kufaka phakathi amamojula ku:

• Ukuphathwa kokuphathwa kokuhweba kwamazwe ngamazwe.
• Ezokuthutha zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezokuthuthwa kwempahla.
• Izindlela zokuxhasa ngezimali zomhlaba wonke kanye nokukhokha.
• Ukumaketha kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokuxoxisana.
• IsiNgisi nezinye izilimi zisetshenziswa ekuhwebeni kwamanye amazwe.

Izinhlelo eziningi zihlanganisa ukufunda okuhlangenwe nakho ngamacala angokoqobo kanye nokuqeqeshwa ezinkampanini I-Logistics, ukuhweba kwamanye amazwe, kanye nokumaketha. Ezinye izikhungo zinikeza nediploma yokuphathwa kwempahla yamakhasimende, ehlonishwa kakhulu yizinkampani ezisebenza namazwe angaphandle.

Izifundo zaseyunivesithi kanye neziqu ezihlobene nazo

Eyunivesithi, iziqu Ezohwebo, Ukuphathwa Kwebhizinisi Nokuphathwa, Ezomnotho noma Ubudlelwano Namazwe Ngamazwe Ngokuvamile zifaka izifundo eziphoqelekile ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe (isibonelo, amakhredithi angu-6 e-ECTS ngaphakathi kwendawo yomsebenzi wezohwebo kanye nokusabalalisa).

Lezi zifundo zihlose ukuthuthukisa amakhono afana nalawa:

• Ukuxhumana kwabantu kanye nokubambisana ukuxhumanisa nawo wonke ama-ejenti ahilelekile emsebenzini wezohwebo womhlaba wonke.
• Ukuqonda amaqiniso amasiko ahlukahlukene ukuvumelanisa amasu ebhizinisi nabathengi nemiphakathi ehlukene.
• Uchwepheshe kumasu okuhlela, ukuhlaziya ulwazi, ukuxoxisana, kanye nokulawula ezindaweni zamazwe ngamazwe.
• Ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono okuphatha kugxilwe ekuphathweni kwezentengiselwano kanye namasu.
• Isimo sengqondo sokuziphatha kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo phambi kwezimakethe nabathengi, sihlonipha izindinganiso kanye nomphakathi.

Okuqukethwe kuvame ukumboza izimakethe zezimali zomhlaba wonke, ukuhlaziywa kwemvelo, ukukhethwa kwemakethe, amasu okungena, ukukhetha ezokuthutha kanye nezindawo zokugcina, izinqumo ezixubile zokumaketha kwamazwe ngamazwe, izindlela zokukhokha, izinkontileka, ama-Incoterms kanye nezithiyo zokuphatha.

Iziqu ezifana nobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe, i-Double Degrees enoMthetho noma i-Business Administration, noma izinhlelo ezikhethekile kwezohwebo lwangaphandle, nazo zigxila kakhulu ku- imibono yezomnotho, i-geopolitics, idiplomacy, izifundo zesifunda kanye nokufunda ulimi okujulile, ukuqeda iphrofayili ngokuhlala kwamanye amazwe kanye nokuqeqeshwa ezinhlanganweni zamazwe ngamazwe.

Imithethonqubo yezemfundo kanye nezindinganiso zemfundo

Amanyuvesi anikeza lezi ziqu ngokuvamile ane- imithethonqubo mayelana nokuhlala njalo nokusebenzaInani elincane lamakhredithi kumele lidluliswe ngonyaka wokuqala ukuze kuqhubeke, futhi isikhathi esiphezulu esichithwa ohlelweni lweziqu sinqunyelwe amayunithi okuhlala njalo.

Kunezindlela ezingavamile zokusebenzisa cela ukunwetshwa kokuhlala Kungase kube nezimo ezikhethekile, kodwa ngokuvamile umqondo uwukukhuthaza impumelelo yezemfundo nokugwema izithiyo ezinde.

Ekilasini, okulandelayo kuyaziswa: ukuba khona, ukubamba iqhaza ngenkuthalo, kanye nokuziphatha okunesibophoUkusetshenziswa kabi kwamadivayisi eselula noma ukwephulwa okukhulu kokuziphatha kungathinta izinga futhi kungabandakanya ngisho nezijeziso zokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe ngokwemithetho yangaphakathi.

Izitayela zesikhathi esizayo kwezohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe

Uma sibheka phambili, ukuhweba kwamazwe ngamazwe kuphawulwa yi ama-vector amathathu amakhulu: ukwenziwa kwedijithali, ukusimama kanye nezinguquko zezwe.

Ukuhweba nge-inthanethi okungena emngceleni kuvumela Ama-SME athengisela amakhasimende kwamanye amazwekazi ngaphandle kokuba khona okubonakalayo, ukuthembela ezimakethe zomhlaba wonke, amasango okukhokha kanye nabasebenzi bezokuthutha abahlanganisiwe.

Ukusimama kuqhuba amamodeli umnotho ojikelezayo, izinto ezibuyela emuva kanye nokunciphisa i-carbon footprintLokhu kushintsha ukupakishwa, imizila yezokuthutha, izindawo zokugcina impahla, kanye nomklamo womkhiqizo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isisindo se izimakethe ezisafufusa e-Asia-Pacific, e-Afrika noma eLatin America kanye nokungaqiniseki okuhlobene nezimpi zezohwebo, izinhlawulo, izingxabano zesifunda, noma ukulungiswa kabusha kwezintambo zokuhlinzeka, njengokuthi impikiswano phakathi kwe-United States ne-China.

Kulesi simo, abantu abaqeqeshwe kwezohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, ulwazi oluqinile lobuchwepheshe kanye nekhono lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ngokusheshaZiba yimpahla eyigugu kakhulu ezinkampanini, kohulumeni, nasezinhlanganweni eziningi.

Lonke lolu chungechunge lwemibono, izinqubomgomo, imithethonqubo, ezokuthutha ezithuthukisiwe, kanye nokuqeqeshwa okukhethekile kubonisa ukuthi ukuhweba ngamazwe kungaphezu nje kokuthutha izimpahla zisuka kwelinye izwe ziye kwelinye: luhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi oluxhumanisa umnotho, oluthonya izinqumo zezepolitiki, oluvula amathuba emisebenzi aphezulu, futhi olusiphoqa ukuthi sicabange kabusha njalo ukuthi sikhiqiza kanjani, sidla kanjani, futhi sihlobana kanjani nomhlaba wonke.