Una ukulimala okungalindelekile Kungashintsha impilo yakho ngemizuzwana nje: ikhefu lokugula, ubuhlungu, ukuvakashelwa njalo kudokotela, ukufaka izikweletu eziningi, futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, umuzwa wokuthi akekho ochaza ngokucacile ukuthi yini ongayifaka isicelo noma ukuthi ungayenza kanjani. Uma umonakalo ubangelwa yizenzo zomunye umuntu, inkampani yomshuwalense, noma uhulumeni uqobo, ukusebenzisa ukuphathwa kahle kwezimangalo zokulimala Kuyisihluthulelo sokungalahlekelwa yimali noma amalungelo.
Iqiniso yilokho Inqubo iwubuchwepheshe futhi igcwele izinsuku zokugcina, izidingo, kanye nezincazelo zomthetho.Ukukhononda nje noma ukuthumela i-imeyili ejwayelekile akwanele: udinga ukufakazela umonakalo, uwuxhumanise nokuziphatha komuntu onesibopho, uwulinganise ngokunembile, bese uwuhlukanisa ngaphansi kwemithethonqubo efanele (ezomphakathi, ezokuphatha, ezempilo, ezobugebengu, njll.). Lo mhlahlandlela uzochaza ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi izimangalo zokulimala komuntu siqu ziphathwa kanjani, ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zomonakalo ezingafunwa, yimiphi imithetho esebenzayo, nokuthi yimaphi amaphutha okufanele uwagweme ukuze ube nethuba elingokoqobo lokuthola isinxephezelo esifanele.
Isibopho somphakathi kanye nesobunikazi: livelaphi ilungelo lokufaka isicelo?
Ngemuva kwesicelo ngasinye sokulimala kukhona umqondo ofanayo wezomthetho: umthwalo wemfanelo womonakaloKungase kube nomsuka wobugebengu noma wokuphatha (wenkontileka noma ongaphandle kwenkontileka), kodwa umqondo oyisisekelo uwukuthi noma ngubani obangela umonakalo ongafanele kumele awulungise ngokwezimali.
Emkhakheni wangasese, izimangalo zomonakalo Zisebenza ukukhokhela umonakalo obangelwe yisenzo noma ukungenzi lutho komunye umuntu noma inhlangano. Sikhuluma kakhulu ngakho ukulimala kwempahla (izimpahla, imali) kusukela ngo- umonakalo womuntu siqu kanye nowokuziphatha (ukulimala ngokomzimba, ukuhlukumezeka kwengqondo, ukulahlekelwa yikhwalithi yokuphila, ukulimala kwedumela, njll.). Inhloso, ngangokunokwenzeka, ukubuyisela isisulu esimweni sangaphambi kokulimala noma, uma lokho kungenzeki, mbuyisele ngokwanele.
Emkhakheni womphakathi, okulandelayo kuyasetshenziswa: isibopho sefa soHulumeniIsigaba 106.2 soMthethosisekelo kanye nezigaba 32 kuya ku-35 zoMthetho 40/2015 zisungula ukuthi ukuphathwa komphakathi kumele kukhokhele izakhamuzi ngomonakalo obangelwe ukusebenza okuvamile noma okungajwayelekile kwezinsizakalo zomphakathi, uma nje umonakalo ukhona. okungokoqobo, okuhlolwayo ngokwezomnotho futhi okungekho emthethweni (okungukuthi, isakhamuzi asinasibopho esingokomthetho sokukubekezelela).
Ngisho nangaphakathi kobulungiswa, iSigaba 121 soMthethosisekelo kanye neSigaba 292 kuya ku-296 soMthetho Wezobulungiswa Ojwayelekile ziyaqaphela ilungelo lokukhokhelwa amaphutha okwahlulela noma ukusebenza okungajwayelekile kokuphathwa kobulungiswa, ngesinxephezelo esikhokhwe nguHulumeni, ngaphandle uma kukhona amandla amakhulu.
Izinhlobo zezimangalo zokulimala komuntu siqu
Izimo ezingaholela ku- isimangalo sokulimala Zihlukahlukene kakhulu. Kubalulekile ukuzibona ngendlela efanele ngoba umsuka womonakalo unquma indlela yezomthetho (ezomphakathi, ezokuphatha, ezobugebengu) kanye nemikhawulo yesikhathi sokufaka isimangalo.
Izingozi zomgwaqo Zingomunye wemithombo evame kakhulu yezimangalo zokulimala komuntu. Zihlanganisa ukushayisana kwezimoto, izingozi zabahamba ngezinyawo, ukuwa komgibeli wesithuthuthu noma komgibeli webhayisikili, njll. Ukulimala kusukela ekushayweni noma ekuqhekekeni kuya ekuqhekekeni, ukulimala komgogodla, noma ukulimala kwekhanda. ESpain, okulandelayo kusebenza: isikali sethrafikhi ukuhlola izinsuku zokungasebenzi, imiphumela yangemva komsebenzi kanye nomonakalo wezomnotho.
Kulezi zimo, isimangalo sivame ukuqondiswa ngokumelene umshwalense wemoto enesibophoYingakho i- ukuthatha umshwalense Ukuba nomshwalense ofanele kungenza umehluko omkhulu, yize ungenza futhi ukuthi uvikeleke ngokomthetho. Kubalulekile ukugcina umbiko wengozi noma umbiko wamaphoyisa, amarekhodi ezokwelapha, kanye nanoma yimaphi amarisidi ezindleko.
Izingozi kanye nezingozi endaweni yokusebenza Ukuwa endaweni yokwakha, ukushaywa yimishini, ukulimala kwemisipha ngenxa yokunyakaza okuphindaphindiwe, noma ubuthi obubangelwa izinto kuyizibonelo ezivamile zalokhu. ukulimala okuhlobene nomsebenziInkampani ingaba nesibopho uma kukhona ukuntuleka kwezinyathelo zokuphepha, ukungabikho kwemishini yokuzivikela noma ukungalandeli imithethonqubo yezingozi zomsebenzi.
Isisulu singafaka isimangalo ngokumelene inkampani yomshuwalense ohlangene, inkampani, umshwalense wesikweletu noma ngisho nange-Social Security ezimweni zokukhubazeka. Ngaphezu kwendlela yokuqashwa, ezimweni ezibucayi ingahlanganiswa nesenzo somphakathi noma sobugebengu.
Izingozi ezindaweni zomphakathi noma ezizimele Izibonelo ezivamile zokuwa emgwaqweni ngenxa yezindlela zokuhamba ngezinyawo ezinganakekelwa kahle, ukushelela ezindaweni ezimanzi ezingaphawuliwe, ukulimala emapaki noma ezindaweni zokuthenga, noma umonakalo obangelwa yizinto ezinganakekelwa kahle (ama-balcony, izihlahla, uthango) ziyizimo ezicacile zomthwalo wemfanelo. Impikiswano lapha ivame ukugxila ekutheni umonakalo uvela yini ku- ukukhubazeka kokugcinwa noma uphawu lokho bekungagwenywa.
Uma indawo ingeyehhovisi (umgwaqo, isikwele, isakhiwo somphakathi) isimangalo sizoba isibopho se-patrimonial ngaphambi koHulumeni ophethe. Uma kuyindawo yangasese (isuphamakethe, ijimu, igaraji lomphakathi), isinyathelo sizoba ngesokulwa nomnikazi noma umshwalense wakhe.
Amaphutha ezokwelapha kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kwezempilo Ukungasebenzi kahle kwezokwelapha kuhlanganisa ukuhlonza okungalungile, ukubambezeleka kokuhlolwa noma ukwelashwa, izinqubo zokuhlinzwa ezingalungile, amaphutha emithi, noma ukuntuleka kolwazi mayelana nezingozi. Akuwona wonke umphumela wezokwelapha ongemuhle obangela ilungelo lokuthola isinxephezelo, kodwa uma kufakazelwa, isinxephezelo siyafaneleka. ukungasebenzi kahle noma ukusebenza okungajwayelekile kwensizakalo yezempiloUngafaka isimangalo.
Uma kukhulunywa ngezempilo zomphakathi, indlela eya phambili iwukuba isibopho se-patrimonial phambi kwegunya lezempilo elifanele. Uma kuyisikhungo sangasese, kuyacatshangelwa isinyathelo somphakathi, ngokuvamile isisekelo senkontileka phakathi kwesiguli kanye nomtholampilo.
Imikhiqizo enephutha kanye nesibopho somkhiqizo Izinto zasendlini ezibangela ukusha, amathoyizi ayingozi, imithi enemiphumela emibi engadalulwanga, noma amadivayisi aqhumayo yizibonelo zalokhu. umthwalo wemfanelo womkhiqizo onephuthaIphutha lingase libe ngenxa yomklamo, ukukhiqiza noma ulwazi (imiyalelo enganele, ukuntuleka kwezixwayiso).
Kulezi zimo, kufakwa isimangalo ngokumelene umenzi, umngenisi noma umsabalalisingokuvamile ngomshwalense wabo wesikweletu. Imithethonqubo yabathengi iqinisa ilungelo lokukhokhelwa ngalezi zonakele.
Isibopho soHulumeni ngomonakalo
Uma umonakalo uvela ezenzweni (noma ukungasebenzi) kokuphathwa komphakathi, sikhuluma isibopho se-patrimonialUmuntu olimele unelungelo lokuthola isinxephezelo uma kuhlangatshezwana nezimfuneko ezithile zomthetho eziqondile.
Isisekelo somthetho sitholakala ku- Umthetho 40/2015 (izihloko 32 kuya ku-35) futhi, ngokwenqubo, ku- Umthetho 39/2015 (Izihloko 91 no-92, phakathi kwezinye). Uhulumeni uphendula ngendlela okuqondile nokuqondileAkudingeki ukufakazela icala, kwanele ukufakazela umonakalo, ubudlelwano bawo nenkonzo yomphakathi nokuthi isakhamuzi asinawo umthwalo wokuwuthwala.
Ungafaka nini isimangalo ngokumelene noHulumeni? Akuwona wonke umonakalo obangelwe yinkonzo yomphakathi onika umuntu ilungelo lokuthola isinxephezelo. Ukuze isimangalo siphumelele, okungenani kumele kuhlangatshezwane nemibandela elandelayo:
- Umonakalo wangempela nongahlolwahhayi nje ukucasula noma ukulindela esikhathini esizayo.
- Ukulimala okungekho emthethweniOkusho ukuthi, akukho sibopho esingokomthetho sokuthwala lowo monakalo.
- Isixhumanisi esiqondile sembangela phakathi kwesenzo sokuphatha (noma ukungasebenzi) kanye nomonakalo.
- Ukungabikho kwephutha elikhethekile lesisulu noma ezinye izimbangela ezikhululayo njenge-force majeure.
Izibonelo ezivamile: a imbobo engaphawuliwe okubangela ingozi, ukuhlinzwa esibhedlela sikahulumeni okunezinkinga zokungasebenzi kahle, a ukuwohloka ngenxa yokuntuleka kokunakekelwa kwedolobha noma a isenzo samaphoyisa esingalingani lokho kubangela ukulimala.
Usuku lokuqala, isikhathi sokugcina kanye nendawo yokuthumela Inqubo ingaqalwa owayeyisikhulu (lapho uHulumeni uqobo ebona umonakalo) noma, ngokuvamile, ngesicelo somuntu onentshisekeloIsikhathi esinqunyiwe jikelele yilesi unyaka owodwa kusukela ngesikhathi kwenzeka lesi sigameko noma kusukela ngesikhathi imiphumela izibonakalisa ekulimaleni ngokomzimba noma ngokwengqondo.
Isimangalo singathunyelwa kunoma yiziphi izindawo zokubhalisa ezinikezwe ku-athikili 16.4 yoMthetho 39/2015: amahhovisi okubhalisa, amahhovisi eposi, amanxusa ezombusazwe noma ngendlunkulu ehambisanayo kagesi.
Izinqubo eziyisisekelo nezigaba Le nqubo ilandela isakhiwo esijwayelekile senqubo yokuphatha evamile, kanye nezinhlinzeko ezithile ezihlokweni 67, 81, 91 kanye no-92 zoMthetho 39/2015. Ngamafuphi, lezi zigaba yilezi:
- Ikhaya kanye nokwamukelwa yesimangalo, kanye nokunikezwa kwayo yonke imibhalo.
- I-InstrucciónUhulumeni uqoqa imibiko, ucele imibono yochwepheshe, futhi acubungule ukuqulwa kwecala.
- Umbono woMkhandlu Wezwe noma wenhlangano eyelulekayo yesifunda lapho inani lidlula ama-euro angu-50.000.
- Isixazululo esicacile yinhlangano enekhono (iNhloko yoMnyango noma uMkhandlu woNgqongqoshe ezimweni zobuciko. 32.3 zoMthetho 40/2015 noma lapho umthetho udinga lokho).
Umkhawulo wesikhathi esiphezulu sokuxazulula yi- izinyanga eziyisithuphaUma kudlula ngaphandle kwesixazululo, kuyaqondakala ukuxoshwa ukuthula kokuphatha, okuvula ithuba lokusebenzisa indlela yokuphatha ephikisanayo.
Izinsiza kanye nosizo lwezomthetho Uma kwenzeka isinqumo esiphika noma esingaqapheli yonke imali eceliwe, kungafakwa isikhalazo isikhalazo sokuzikhethela sokucatshangelwa kabusha kungakapheli inyanga eyodwa, noma uye ngqo ku- igunya lokuphatha eliphikisanayo zingakapheli izinyanga ezimbili, ngokusho kwe-Article 46 yoMthetho 29/1998.
Ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izindlela zokuphatha zangaphambilini (isinqumo esicacile noma ukuthula), inkantolo ngeke ivume isimangalo. Yilapho-ke ukwesekwa ngabameli abangochwepheshe besibopho sokuphatha Kwenza umehluko, ngoba impikiswano yezomthetho kanye nobufakazi bochwepheshe yikona okunqumayo.
Umonakalo okhokhelwayo: wezomnotho, womuntu siqu nowokuziphatha
Kunoma iyiphi inqubo yokufaka isimangalo sokulimala komuntu siqu, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa okuhlukile izinhlobo zomonakalo ezingafunwanjengoba ngayinye ivunyelwe futhi inenani elihlukile.
Umonakalo wezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nempahla Lokhu ukulahlekelwa okuthinta ngqo izimpahla: ukulungiswa noma ukushintshwa kwempahla eyonakele (izimoto, izimpahla zomuntu siqu, izindlu), izindleko zokwakha, ukulahlekelwa kwebhizinisi, njll. Kuboniswa nge ama-invoyisi, izabelomali, imibiko yochwepheshe kanye nemibhalo yokubala imali.
Ngaphakathi komonakalo wezomnotho, umehluko wenziwa phakathi umonakalo ovelayo (lokho okulahlekile noma okuchithile ngempela) kanye ukulahlekelwa inzuzo (lokho okulahlekile ngenxa yokulimala). Umuntu ozisebenzelayo okumele avale inyanga yonke ngenxa yokulimala angafaka isicelo sezindleko zokwelashwa kanye nenzuzo abezoyithola ukube ubeqhubeka nokusebenza.
Ukulimala komuntu siqu noma komzimba Lokhu ukulimala ngokomzimba noma imiphumela engokwengqondo etholwe yisisulu. Kuhlanganisa konke okuvela ku- kusukela ekushayweni okuncane kuya ekukhubazekeni okukhulu, okuhlanganisa ukwaphuka, ukuklwebheka, ukulimala kwezinzwa, izinkinga zokukhathazeka, njll. ESpain, ezingozini zomgwaqo, ukulinganisa kwenziwa kusetshenziswa Isikali Sethrafikhi, ehlola izinsuku zokulimala komuntu, imiphumela yangemva kokuhlinzwa, ukuhlinzwa, ukungeniswa esibhedlela kanye nomthelela emandleni okusebenza.
Kwezinye izimo (amaphutha ezokwelapha, ukuwa, icala lobunikazi) abahluleli kanye nabanikezeli bomshuwalense bavame ukuthatha leso silinganiso njengesithenjwa ngenxa yobuchwepheshe baso kanye nobuchwepheshe baso, yize kungesona isibopho kuzo zonke izindawo.
Ukulimala kokuziphatha kanye nokulahlekelwa yikhwalithi yokuphila Ukulimala kokuziphatha kuhilela ukuhlupheka ngokomzimba nangokomzwelo, usizi, ukulahlekelwa injabulo yokuphilaUmthelela empilweni yomndeni kanye neyomphakathi, noma idumela elibi emsebenzini, kunzima kakhulu ukuwulinganisa ngokwezimali, kodwa ungabuyiswa ngokugcwele uma ufakazelwe.
Bathembele ku- Imibiko yengqondo noma yezengqondo, ubufakazi, umlando wezokwelapha, imibono yochwepheshe abakhethekile futhi, ngezinye izikhathi, ekuhlolweni okuphelele koshintsho lwempilo (isibonelo, ukungakwazi ukwenza izinto ozithandayo, ukulinganiselwa ekunakekeleni izingane, njll.).
Umonakalo ojeziswayo: uma uqala ukusebenza Kwezinye izinhlelo zomthetho, njengeyaseMelika, kukhona umonakalo wokujezisaLezi zinyathelo azihlose ukunxephezela isisulu kodwa zihlose ukujezisa ummangalelwa ngokuziphatha okubi kakhulu nokuvimbela ukuziphatha okufanayo esikhathini esizayo. Ziyavunyelwa ezimweni zokuhlukunyezwa. ukunganaki okukhulu, ububi, ukukhwabanisa noma ukubonisa ukholo olubi.
ESpain, umqondo wesinxephezelo ulinganiselwe kakhulu, kodwa kunezindawo lapho usebenza khona umsebenzi othile oyisibonelo (isibonelo, kwezinye izigwebo zokuphazamisa amalungelo ayisisekelo noma ezindabeni zabathengi). Kunoma ikuphi, indlela evamile iwukugxila inani ku- ukulungiswa kwangempela komonakalo owenzekile.
Izidingo zomthetho kanye nemikhawulo yesikhathi sokufaka isimangalo sokulimala
Ukuze isimangalo sokulimala komuntu siqu siphumelele, akwanele ukuthi ube nomonakalo: kubalulekile ukuhlangabezana nochungechunge lwezidingo. izidingo zomthetho eziyisisekelo futhi sihloniphe umthetho wemikhawulo.
Izinto ezibalulekile zomthwalo wemfanelo Ngamagama alula kakhulu, noma yisiphi isimangalo kumele sisekelwe ezinsikeni ezine:
- Umonakalo othileokuphathekayo, okungokoqobo futhi okulinganiselwe, hhayi nje okucatshangelwayo.
- Iqiniso lokukhiqiza (isenzo noma ukungenzi lutho) okuphambene nomthetho noma ukunganaki.
- Isixhumanisi esiqondile sembangela phakathi kwaleso sigameko kanye nokulimala okubangelwa yiso.
- Ukungafaneleki kummangalelwa noma inhlangano, ngaphandle kwezizathu ezimkhululayo (i-force majeure, iphutha elikhethekile lesisulu, ukwamukela ngokuzithandela ingozi, njll.).
Uma elinye lala maphuzu lihluleka, isimangalo siyaba sengozini. Isihluthulelo esisebenzayo siseku bonisa ngobufakazi obuqinile kokubili umonakalo kanye nokuxhumana nezenzo zomunye umuntu.
Izikhathi ezivamile zokukhawulela Umkhawulo wesikhathi sokufaka isimangalo awunqunyelwe. Eminye yemikhawulo yesikhathi evame kakhulu ngaphansi komthetho waseSpain yile:
- Isibopho somphakathi esingaphandle kwenkontileka (isibonelo, izingozi zomgwaqo, ukuwa emigwaqweni yomphakathi): Unyaka owodwa kusukela lapho umonakalo kanye nobunikazi bomuntu onesibopho sekwaziwa khona.
- Isibopho somphakathi senkontileka (ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano nemitholampilo, amajimu, izinkampani, njll.): Iminyaka emi-5 ezimweni eziningi.
- Isibopho soHulumeni ngomonakalo: Unyaka owodwa kusukela osukwini lokulimala noma kusukela osukwini okwaziwa ngalo imiphumela.
- Izenzo ezihlobene nobugebenguZincike emthethweni wemikhawulo yobugebengu ngokwalo, ohlukahluka ngokuya ngobukhulu balo.
Lezi zinsuku zokugcina zingase phazamisa ngokusebenzisa izimangalo ezithembekile ezingaphandle kwenkantolo (i-burofax, isimangalo esisebhukwini, njll.), kodwa kubalulekile ukulawula izinsuku ukuze ugweme ukumangala okungathandeki kokuthi isenzo sesiphelelwe yisikhathi "ngosuku olulodwa kakhulu".
Amadokhumenti ayisihluthulelo okusingatha isimangalo sokulimala
Isimangalo esinamandla sakhelwe phezu kwaso imibhalo emihleUma uqala ukuqoqa ubufakazi ngokushesha, kuzoba lula ukusekela inguqulo yakho yemicimbi nenkampani yomshuwalense, iziphathimandla, noma ijaji.
Imibhalo yomuntu siqu kanye ne-akhawunti yemicimbi Okuyisisekelo ukufakaza ukuthi ubani ofaka isicelo (ikhadi le-ID, i-NIE noma ipasipoti) bese ulungiselela ukulandisa okuningiliziwe kokwenzekaLo mbhalo, okuhlanganisa izinsuku, izindawo, ofakazi, ukungenelela kwezokwelapha, kanye nanoma yiluphi olunye ulwazi olufanele, usayiniwe futhi usebenza njengesiqondiso sokuvimbela ukungqubuzana kwesikhathi esizayo.
Ezingozini zomgwaqo, okulandelayo kuzobaluleka: isivumelwano sobungane noma umbiko wamaphoyisa Futhi, ezimweni zokuwa ezindaweni zomphakathi noma ezikhungweni ezizimele, kuyalulekwa ukuthatha izithombe zendawo futhi uthole ulwazi kofakazi abangaba khona kusukela ekuqaleni.
Imibiko yezokwelapha kanye nokuvela kokulimala Ziyisisekelo sanoma yisiphi isimangalo sokulimala komuntu siqu. Kufanele ugcine:
- Ingxenye yokuqala yokuba khona ngemuva kwengozi noma isigameko (igumbi lezimo eziphuthumayo, ukunakekelwa okuyisisekelo).
- Imibiko yezokwelapha elandelanayo ezibonisa ukuxilongwa, ukwelashwa, ukuhlolwa, izikhathi zokuphumula, kanye nenqubekela phambili.
- Ukukhishwa esibhedlela ngenxa yezokwelapha noma umbiko wokuzinza okulandelayo.
- Imibiko yochwepheshe (i-traumatology, i-neurology, i-psychiatry, i-psychology, ukuvuselelwa) uma zikhona.
Ezimangalweni eziyinkimbinkimbi noma ezinenani eliphezulu, umbiko ozimele wochwepheshe bezokwelapha, ehlola imiphumela, umthelela emsebenzini kanye nomonakalo wokuziphatha ohambisana nawo.
Izindleko, ukulahlekelwa yimali engenayo, kanye nokunye ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho Konke okuchithile noma okulahlekelwe yimali engenayo ngenxa yokulimala kumele kubhalwe phansi ngokuphelele. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:
- Ama-invoyisi namathikithi ikhemisi, ukuvuselelwa, i-physiotherapy, izitho zokufakelwa, ezokuthutha, uphethiloli, indawo yokupaka, izinsiza zobuchwepheshe, njll.
- Amaholo, izitifiketi zenkampani noma amadokhumenti entela lokho kufakazela ukwehla kwemali engenayo ngenxa yekhefu lokugula.
- Imibhalo yezimali kwabantu abazisebenzayo kanye namabhizinisi abonisa ukulahlekelwa yinzuzo (ukwehla kwemali engenayo okubangelwa ukulimala).
Uma kucaciswa kabanzi isizathu somonakalo wezomnotho, Kuzoba nzima kakhulu ngomshwalense noma uHulumeni ukuphikisa lokho.
Imibiko yochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe kanye neminye imibiko Ezimangalweni ezimelene noHulumeni, ngemikhiqizo enephutha noma ngamaphutha ezokwelapha, imibiko yongoti Imibono yochwepheshe (onjiniyela, abakhi bezakhiwo, odokotela, izazi zengqondo, izazi zezomnotho) ivame ukuba yinto ebalulekile. Uchwepheshe uhumusha inkinga ibe ulimi lobuchwepheshe ijaji elingaluqonda futhi liluhlole.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukulondoloza noma yikuphi i-imeyili, incwadi, i-burofax noma imizuzu okuhlanganisa ukuxhumana nelinye iqembu, imizamo yokuthola isisombululo esivumelanayo, noma ukuvuma ingxenye yesibopho.
Izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokusingatha izimangalo zokulimala
Ngaphandle kwemfundiso yezomthetho, umkhuba wansuku zonke wesicelo sokulimala komuntu siqu uvame ukulandela uchungechunge lwezindlela izinyathelo ezinengqondo, ivumelaniswe nesimo ngasinye esithile.
1. Qinisekisa ukuthi icala lingamangalelwa Izici ezintathu eziyisisekelo zidinga ukuhlolwa: ukuthi kukhona umonakalo wangempelaukuthi umuntu onesibopho (umuntu, inkampani, ukuphatha) angatholakala nokuthi udaba lukhona ngaphakathi kwesikhathi esibekiweKubalulekile futhi ukuhlola ukuthi umonakalo mkhulu ngokwanele noma ukuthi uqukethe izinkinga ezincane ezingenakwenzeka ukuthi zikhokhwe.
Ezingozini zomgwaqo, isibonelo, uma ungenaphutha (noma uhamba njengomgibeli) futhi kukhona ukulimala noma umonakalo wempahla, Cishe njalo kukhona ilungelo lokufaka isiceloyize inani lizoxoxwa kamuva.
2. Qoqa imibhalo nobufakazi Ngaphambi kokuthumela noma yini enkampanini yomshuwalense noma kuhulumeni, kuyalulekwa ukuthi uzinike isikhathi hlela wonke amadokhumentiImibiko yezokwelapha, izithombe, imibiko yamaphoyisa, ama-invoyisi, ukuxhumana, njll. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthi kwethulwe ifayela eliqinile neliqondakalayo kusukela ekuqaleni.
Uma ubufakazi obubalulekile bungekho (isibonelo, umbiko wochwepheshe), kungaba kuhle ukubucela ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze butholakale lapho isigaba sokuxoxisana siqala noma, uma kudingeka, inqubo yezomthetho.
3. Thumela isimangalo ngaphandle kwenkantolo Endaweni yangasese, isinyathelo sokuqala ngokuvamile isimangalo esisemthethweni ngokumelene nomshwalense kusuka eqenjini elinomthwalo wemfanelo noma, lapho kufanele khona, isicelo esiqondile kumuntu noma enkampanini ebangela umonakalo. Ngokuphathelene nezindaba zethrafikhi, inkampani inayo izinyanga ezintathu ukunikeza isiphakamiso sesinxephezelo esinengqondo.
Emkhakheni womphakathi, isikhalazo siqondiswe ku- igunya elifanele ngesicelo esibhaliwe esinesizathu, esinamathisela wonke amadokhumenti asekelayo, futhi sicutshungulwa ngenqubo yesibopho sefa esungulwe nguMthetho 39/2015.
4. Izingxoxo kanye nezivumelwano ezingaba khona Iningi lezimangalo zokulimala komuntu siqu zixazululwa ngokusebenzisa ukuhlaliswa ngaphandle kwenkantoloLokhu kungenziwa ngenkampani yomshuwalense noma ngqo nohulumeni (yize le yokugcina ingafuni ukuxazulula ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala). Kulesi sigaba, kufika iziphakamiso zokuqala, okufanele zihlolwe ngokucophelela.
Okuhlangenwe nakho kubonisa ukuthi iziphakamiso eziningi zokuqala azifiki kulokho okufanele. Ngakho-ke, xoxisana ngokusekelwa ngummeli okhethekile Ivumela ukuphikisa ukulinganisa okuphansi, ukunikeza ubufakazi obusha, nokulungisa isibalo sibe yizilinganiso kanye nezinqubo zomthetho.
5. Isimangalo esisemthethweni noma isikhalazo esiphikisanayo Uma lesi sipho singamukeleki noma isimangalo senqatshiwe, sekuyisikhathi sokunquma ukuthi sizothatha isinyathelo esilandelayo yini. ngokusebenzisa imigudu yomthethoEzindabeni zomphakathi, icala lifakwa enkantolo efanele; ezindabeni zokuphatha, icala lokuphatha lifakwa ngokumelene nesinqumo (noma ukuthula).
Le nqubo ingahlala izinyanga noma iminyaka, ngezigaba zokuphendula, ubufakazi, ukulalelwa kwecala, kanye nokwahlulela, uma kusebenza. Nakuba kuyindlela ende futhi ebiza kakhulu, ezimweni eziningi zokulimala okukhulu noma ukungasebenzi kahle kwezokwelapha, ukuphela kwendlela yokwenza lokho ukuthola isinxephezelo esilingana nezinga langempela lomonakalo.
Amaphutha avamile alimaza isimangalo esihle
Ngisho nasezimweni ezinamathuba aphezulu, kulula kakhulu ukwenza amaphutha. amaphutha anciphisa isimangaloUkwazi ngabo kusiza ekugwemeni ngesikhathi.
Ukuvumela izinsuku zokugcina zidlule Ukufaka isimangalo sekwephuzile kufana nokulahlekelwa yicala ngaphambi kokuba liqale. Ukungalungi okulula mayelana nosuku lwengozi, ukukhishwa esibhedlela, noma isaziso kungaholela ekutheni ummangalelwa athi umthetho wemikhawulo usuphelelwe yisikhathi, bese ijaji likhipha isinqumo esivuna yena.
Ukuze ugweme lokhu, kungcono ukubhala phansi izinto kusukela ekuqaleni. izinsuku ezibalulekile futhi, uma ungabaza, phazamisa umthetho wemikhawulo ngesimangalo esisemthethweni ngenkathi ifayela eliphelele lilungiswa.
Ukungawunaki noma ukweqisa umonakalo Elinye iphutha elivamile ukufuna amanani ngaphandle kwesisekelo esiqondile. Uma ucela inani elincane, Uzilahla ngokuthi ukhokhelwa imali encane kunalokho okufanele ukuthole.Uma ukhulisa inani ngaphandle kokusekelwa ochwepheshe, unciphisa ukwethembeka kwecala lonke futhi unike izimpikiswano eziphikisanayo ukungabaza konke.
Okungcono kakhulu, ukuhlolwa kwezomnotho kufanele kwenziwe nge izindlela zobuchwepheshe nezomthetho, ukuthembela ezikalini, izinqumo ezifanayo kanye nemibono yochwepheshe bochwepheshe, ukuze inani lokugcina livikeleke phambi kwejaji.
Ukwehluleka ukuvikela ubufakazi obubhaliwe Ukulahlekelwa amarekhodi ezokwelapha, ukwehluleka ukugcina amarisidi, noma ukungabahlonzi ofakazi kusukela ekuqaleni kuyiphutha okunzima kakhulu ukulilungisa kamuva. Ngaphandle kobufakazi obuqinile, isimangalo sihlala siyisitatimende nje seqiniso.
Yingakho kubaluleke kakhulu ukwamukela umkhuba wokuthi londoloza konke okuhlobene nengozi noma ukulimala, kungcono ukuthi kuskeniwe futhi kuhlelwe, futhi ucele amakhophi ezitifiketi, amarekhodi ezokwelapha kanye nanoma yimiphi eminye imibhalo esemthethweni.
Ukuphikisa izinkampani zomshuwalense noma izinhlangano zikahulumeni kuphela Nakuba umthetho ukuvumela ukuthi ufake isimangalo ngaphandle kommeli, ukwenza kanjalo ezimweni ezibucayi ngokuvamile akuhlakaniphile. Izinkampani nezinhlangano zikahulumeni zine amaqembu ochwepheshe kwezomthetho kanye nezindlela ezisekelwe kahle zokunciphisa izinkokhelo.
Uchwepheshe okhethekile akagcini nje ngokunakekela izici zobuchwepheshe, kodwa futhi uyakusiza ukuthi wakhe isu eliphelele: yini okufanele uyicele, nini, ngayiphi indlela, ngabuphi ubufakazi nokuthi kuyasizuzisa kangakanani noma cha ukuya enkantolo.
Ukuphathwa kwezimangalo zokulimala komuntu okuphumelelayo kuhilela ukuqonda ukuthi akukhona nje ukugcwalisa amaphepha: kuyinhlanganisela Ulwazi lwezomthetho, ukuhlela amadokhumenti, ukulawula izinsuku zokugcina, kanye nokuhlolwa okuqinile komonakaloUma lezi zinto ziphathwa ngokucophelela, amathuba okuthola isinxephezelo esifanele ayanda kakhulu, futhi iphutha lenqubo liyavinjelwa ekubhubhiseni icala, empeleni, eselivele linqotshiwe.
