Ukukhuluma ngokusebenza emshwalenseni eSpain kukhuluma umsebenzi ozinzile, okhokhelwa kahle onekusasa elihleNgenkathi eminye imikhakha ibhekene nokushintshashintsha okuqhubekayo, amazinga aphezulu emisebenzi yesikhashana kanye nezimo ezingathuthukiswa, umhlaba womshuwalense uzuze idumela njengendawo yokuhlala eqinile yemisebenzi, lapho ikhwalithi yomsebenzi ingeyona isiqubulo, kodwa yiqiniso elisekelwa idatha eqondile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mkhakha awubonakali nje kuphela ngokuzinza kwawo, kodwa futhi nangokuba Izimisele ngokulingana, ukulingana emsebenzini nasekuphileni kanye nokuhlukahlukaKunokuba kube nombono wokuthi umshwalense ungowochwepheshe bokuthengisa kuphela, abahlinzeki bomshwalense banamuhla bayizisusa ezinkulu zamathalente ahlukahlukene: kusukela kososayensi bezibalo kuya kochwepheshe bokukhangisa, kanye nonjiniyela kuya kochwepheshe bedatha. Konke lokhu kwenzeka endaweni etshala imali kakhulu ekuqeqeshweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwezinqubo zayo ngokwedijithali.
Isithombe esifushane somsebenzi emkhakheni womshuwalense eSpain
Isiqalo ukuthi Umkhakha womshuwalense waseSpain uqasha abantu abangaphezu kuka-48.000Lesi sibalo, esingase sibonakale sincane uma siqhathaniswa nezinye izinkampani ezinkulu zomnotho, siveza kakhulu lapho ikhwalithi yalezi zikhundla ihlaziywa. Imibiko elungiselelwe yinhlangano yemboni yomshuwalense kanye nedatha evela ezinhlanganweni ezisemthethweni iyavuma ukuthi, uma lo msebenzi uhlolwa ngokucophelela, ukuxilongwa kusobala: kuyinto indawo yokusebenza esezingeni eliphezulu enezici ezihlukile kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nesilinganiso sikazwelonke.
Elinye lamaqiniso ahlaba umxhwele kakhulu asevele atholakala eminyakeni yamuva nje ukuthi Abantu abangaphezu kuka-96% abasebenza emshwalenseni benza kanjalo ngenkontileka ehlala njaloSikhuluma ngesilinganiso esihluke kakhulu emakethe yezabasebenzi ejwayelekile, lapho izinkontileka zesikhashana kanye nokushintshwa kwamanani aphezulu kube yinto evamile. Ngenkathi eminye imikhakha iqoqa izinkontileka zesikhashana, zesikhashana, noma zesikhashana kakhulu, kumshwalense, ukuthambekela kusemsebenzini wesikhathi eside.
Lokhu kuzibophezela ekuzinzeni kuye kwahlala kuqinile ngisho nasezikhathini ezinzima, njengeminyaka yamuva yenkinga yezomnotho, lapho imikhakha eminingi inciphisa abasebenzi noma ishintsha amamodeli ayo okuqasha. Ngokuphambene nalokho, imboni yomshuwalense ikwazile... ukulondoloza uhlaka olungavamile lokuzinza emsebenzini, okwenza lesi sici sibe esinye sezici zaso ezinkulu ezihlukanisayo.
Imininingwane evela ku-Labour Force Survey kanye nenhlangano yabaqashi bomkhakha ikhombisa lokho Ukuqashwa komshuwalense kubonise ukuguquguquka okukhulu kunomnotho wonkana.Lokhu kubonakala kokubili ekukhuleni kwenani labasebenzi kanye nekhono lomkhakha lokusekela izinkontileka ezihlala njalo unyaka nonyaka, kugcinwa isisekelo semisebenzi esihlanganisiwe kakhulu.
Olunye ulwazi olubalulekile yi- isilinganiso sobudala sabantu abaqashwe emshwalenseni, esingaphezu kweminyaka eyi-13Lesi sibalo sibonisa ukuthi umuntu akagcini nje ngokuthola isikhundla esizinzile, kodwa futhi kukhona nokuthambekela kokwakha umsebenzi wesikhathi eside. Isikhundla esiphezulu emkhakheni womshuwalense siphezulu kunasemikhakheni eminingi yangasese yomnotho, futhi sidlulwa kuphela ngabaqashi abakhulu bendabuko njengokunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, kanye nokuphathwa komphakathi.
Ukuqashwa kwesikhashana okuncane kanye nokulingana ngokobulili
Uma kuqhathaniswa nesithombe sonke semakethe yezabasebenzi eSpain, umshwalense ugqama kakhulu ngenxa yawo izinga eliphansi kakhulu lomsebenzi wesikhashanaNakuba emnothweni wonkana cishe oyedwa kwabane abasebenzi abakhokhelwayo unenkontileka yesikhashana, emkhakheni womshuwalense isilinganiso sehla siye cishe ku- oyedwa kwabangamashumi amabili nanhlanuNgamanye amazwi, isisindo sezinkontileka zesikhashana cishe asinamsebenzi.
Ikhwalithi yomsebenzi ayilinganiswa nje kuphela ngobude benkontileka, kodwa futhi nangendlela amathuba ahlukaniswa ngayo phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Kulesi sigaba, umkhakha womshuwalense wenze intuthuko enkulu futhi manje ungaqhosha ngokuthi izinga lokulingana kwangaphakathi elingaphezu kakhulu kwesilinganisoIzinkampani eziningi sezivele zinezinhlelo ezithile zokukhuthaza ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo namathuba.
Eqinisweni, nxazonke Izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zezinkampani zomshuwalense zinehlelo lokulingana olusemthethweniLokhu kuyinto, kuze kube yiminyaka embalwa edlule, eyayingavamile kakhulu kunomthetho. Lo mzamo oqhubekayo unegalelo eqinisweni lokuthi, namuhla, kunabesifazane abaningi kunabesilisa abasebenza kulo mkhakha, bephula ukungabi nandaba komlando kwezinye izindawo zomnotho lapho besalokhu bengamelwe khona.
Ezikhundleni zokuphatha, ukuthuthuka nakho kube yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Njengamanje, Cishe izikhundla eziyisithupha zomsebenzi ziphethwe ngowesifazaneNakuba kusenendawo yokuthuthukisa, ukuqhathanisa okungokomlando kwembula kakhulu: ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-2000, kwakunowesifazane oyedwa kuphela ezikhundleni zokuphatha ezingamashumi amabili nanhlanu. Igebe belilokhu lincipha ngesivinini esihle, futhi uphahla lwengilazi luqala ukuqhekeka ezinhlanganweni eziningi.
Esinye isici esingaziwa kangako kodwa esibaluleke kakhulu yilesi ukuzibophezela komkhakha ekubandakanyeni abantu abakhubazekileIzinkampani zomshuwalense zivelele ngamazinga azo aphezulu okuthobela imithethonqubo yokuqashwa ebandakanya wonke umuntu, cishe u-1,3% wabasebenzi bazo bakhiwa ochwepheshe abanohlobo oluthile lokukhubazeka. Esimweni lapho izinkampani eziningi zisasele ngemuva kule ndawo, umkhakha womshuwalense uphakathi kwezinkampani ezithobela kakhulu imithetho.
Izimo zokusebenza: ukuzinza, amaholo kanye nokulinganisela phakathi komsebenzi nokuphila
Ukuzinza kwenkontileka kanye nokulinganisela ngokobulili kuyingxenye nje yesithombe. Izimo zokusebenza zansuku zonke emkhakheni womshuwalense nazo zibonakala nge- inkokhelo engaphezu kwesilinganiso kanye nezindlela ezibanzi zokulinganisela impilo nomsebenziKonke lokhu kunegalelo ekwenzeni ukusebenza emshuwalenseni kube yindlela ekhangayo kakhulu yomsebenzi kubantu abaningi.
Okokuqala, amaholo. Idatha yocwaningo olusemthethweni ibeka Umkhakha womshuwalense uphezulu kakhulu esikalini semiholo eSpain.Uma kuqhathaniswa imikhakha eyinhloko yomsebenzi, umshwalense uphakathi kweyishumi ephezulu enomholo ophakathi ophezulu kakhulu. Lesi simo sisebenza kahle kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sicabangela amaholo aphelele noma izindleko zabasebenzi eziphelele zezinkampani.
Ngokuqondile, ezinye izibalo zakamuva zibeka izindleko zomsebenzi zanyanga zonke ngomuntu ngamunye zomshuwalense ongaphezu kwama-euro angu-3.500Lesi sibalo siphakeme ngokusobala kunesilinganiso somnotho wonkana. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amaholo, kanye neminikelo yezokuphepha komphakathi kanye nezinye izindleko ezihlobene nawo, kubonisa izinga lomholo elijwayelekile "kwabaphezulu beholo" bezwe, njengoba kuchazwe emibikweni eminingana yemikhakha.
Ngale kweholo, umkhakha womshuwalense ube phambili kuneminye eminingi ekuqaliseni izinqubomgomo zokuphatha abantu zesimanjeIzinkampani eziningi kulo mkhakha ziye zamukela izindlela zokulinganisela impilo nomsebenzi, eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ezazingacabangeki emikhakheni yendabuko: amahora aguquguqukayo, ukusebenza ngocingo, ukuzivumelanisa nosuku lomsebenzi, izimvume ezithile kanye nezindawo zokunakekela izidingo ezithile zomndeni noma zomuntu siqu.
Cishe Izinkampani zomshuwalense eziyisishiyagalolunye kweziyishumi zisebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwesinyathelo sokubuyisanaLokhu kufaka phakathi izikhathi zokuqala nezokuphela eziguquguqukayo, amamodeli omsebenzi ahlanganisiwe ahlanganisa umsebenzi wasehhovisi nowasekude, izinsuku zomsebenzi ezimfushane ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka, amahora okusebenza ancishisiwe ngokuzithandela okunakekelwa komndeni, kanye nezinhlelo ezithile zekhefu lokubeletha kanye nelobaba. Konke lokhu kusiza ukwenza ibhalansi yomsebenzi nempilo ibe lula.
Esinye isici esiqinisa ikhwalithi yalo msebenzi ukuthi ikhono lokugcina ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kokuqashwa kwabasebenzi unomphelaEminyakeni yamuva nje, lo mkhakha uqhube izinkontileka ezihlala njalo ezingaba ngu-2.500 ngonyaka, kanye nokukhula okuncane ngezikhathi zokuthuthuka komnotho. Imininingwane evela kusevisi yokuqashwa komphakathi ibeka ngisho nesibalo sezinkontileka ezihlala njalo ezingaphezu kuka-3.000 ngonyaka owodwa, kanye nezinye izinkontileka eziyizinkulungwane zezinhlobo ezahlukene.
Imfundo eqhubekayo nokuthuthukiswa kochwepheshe
Esinye isici esiyinhloko esichaza amandla okuqashwa komshwalense yi- ukutshalwa kwezimali ekuqeqeshweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwamakhonoLo mkhakha uyazi kahle ukuthi usebenza ne imikhiqizo eyinkimbinkimbiLezi zinkampani zibhekana nezinguquko ezivamile zomthetho futhi zithembele kakhulu kubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe. Ngakho-ke, zabela izinsiza ezibalulekile zokuqeqesha abasebenzi bazo.
Izibalo zokutshalwa kwezimali ekuqeqeshweni ziyazikhulumela zona: Izinkampani zomshuwalense zinikela ngama-euro angaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili ngenyanga ekuqeqeshweni kwabasebenzi bazoLokhu kuholela ekuzibophezeleni okuqinile ezifundweni zangaphakathi, ezinhlelweni zobuchwepheshe, ekuthuthukisweni kobungcweti, ezitifiketini ezisemthethweni, ezilimini, amakhono edijithali, kanye nezinhlelo zokuthuthukisa ukuphathwa, phakathi kwezinye.
Emaceleni we Abasebenzi abangu-90% kulo mkhakha bathola ukuqeqeshwa okungenani kanye ngonyakaIsilinganiso sokutshalwa kwezimali komsebenzi ngamunye singama-euro angamakhulu amaningana ngonyaka, okubonisa ukuthi ukuqeqeshwa akugcini nje emicimbini eyenzeka kanye kuphela, kodwa kunalokho kuyingxenye yesu lezinsizakusebenza zabantu. Izindlela zokuqeqesha zenzelwe ukusekela intuthuko yobungcweti yabasebenzi ngaphakathi kwenhlangano.
Uma sibheka amahora okuqeqeshwa alethwayo, inani lawo libaluleke kakhulu: ayaqoqana amahora angaphezu kwesigidi nesigamu okuqeqeshwa minyaka yonkeNgamanye amazwi, kungaba sengathi ochwepheshe abayinkulungwane kulo mkhakha bazinikela cishe ekuqeqeshweni unyaka wonke wokusebenza. Lo mzamo uqinisa iziqu zobuchwepheshe zabasebenzi futhi uthuthukisa ukuqashwa kwabo, kokubili ngaphakathi nangaphandle komkhakha.
Umphumela wale ndlela ukuthi abantu abasebenza emshwalenseni bangakwazi yakha imisebenzi ekhethekile kakhulu, yesikhathi esideAkuyona into engavamile ukuthi umuntu angene enkampanini yomshuwalense esesikhundleni esingaphansi kwesakhe, bese kuthi ngokuhamba kweminyaka, athuthukele ezikhundleni ezinomthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu noma ashintshe izindawo, esekelwa ukuqeqeshwa kwangaphakathi kanye nokuzinza kwenkontileka okumvumela ukuthi ahlele indlela yakhe yomsebenzi.
Amaphrofayili ochwepheshe kanye nokuguqulwa kwedijithali
Isikhathi eside, umcabango ohlangene wehlise umsebenzi womshuwalense waba thengisa izinqubomgomo zomshuwalense endlini ngendlu noma uphathe izimangalo ezivela ehhovisiLeso sithombe asikafiki nhlobo esimweni samanje. Namuhla, imboni yomshuwalense ibhekene nobunzima inqubo yokwenza idijithali ejulile, yokuhlaziywa kwedatha okukhulu kanye nokwenza ngokwezifiso umkhiqizo, okuye kwandisa kakhulu ububanzi bamaphrofayili adingekayo.
Izinkampani zomshuwalense azisafuni nje abathengisi, kodwa futhi ziyafaka izazi zezibalo, izazi zezibalo, izazi zezibalo, kanye nezazi zefiziksi abakwaziyo ukuklama amamodeli engozi ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Badinga futhi osomnotho kanye nochwepheshe bokuphathwa kwebhizinisi abaqonda ubukhulu bezezimali kanye namasu emikhiqizo yomshuwalense, kanye nobudlelwano nabatshalizimali, abahlinzeki bomshuwalense, kanye nabanye abadlali bemakethe.
Ukwenziwa kwedijithali kukhulise isidingo onjiniyela bamakhompyutha, abahleli bezinhlelo, ochwepheshe bedathabheyisi, kanye nabahlaziyi bedatha enkuluLawa maphrofayili asebenza ekuthuthukisweni kwamapulatifomu okuthengisa izivumelwano ku-inthanethi, izinhlelo zamanani ezishintshashintshayo, amamodeli okubikezela izimangalo, ukuzenzakalela kwenqubo kanye namathuluzi enkonzo yamakhasimende asekelwe kubuhlakani bokwenziwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhakha womshuwalense uyaqhubeka nokuhlangana ochwepheshe bokumaketha, ukuxhumana kanye nolwazi lwamakhasimendeIndima yabo ibalulekile ekuchazeni imikhiqizo eyinkimbinkimbi ngendlela elula, ukuklama amasu okuthembeka, ukuphatha idumela lomkhiqizo, nokudala imikhankaso eyenzelwe izigaba ezahlukene zabantu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ochwepheshe bezomthetho bahlala bebalulekile ekuchazeni imithetho, ekubhaleni izinkontileka, nasekuvikeleni inkampani kanye nabaninizinqubomgomo bayo.
Lo mfanekiso wamaphrofayili wenza umshwalense ube umkhakha oguquguqukayo kakhulu wokuthuthukisa umsebenzi wobungcweti ohlukahlukeneUmuntu angaqala ukusebenza kumakhasimende, bese ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, athuthela emnyangweni wezobuchwepheshe, wezobuchwepheshe, wokuthobela imithetho, noma wokuhlaziya idatha. Ububanzi bezindawo zangaphakathi bunikeza amathuba amaningi okuhamba okuvundlile nokuqondile.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwemisebenzi ngokwezindawo kanye nendima yamadolobha amakhulu
Nakuba imboni yomshuwalense ikhona kulo lonke izwe, ukuqashwa kugxile kakhulu amadolobha amakhulu amakhulu kanye nezinye izikhungo zesifundaIndlunkulu, izinsizakalo zezinkampani kanye nengxenye enkulu yeminyango yezobuchwepheshe ngokuvamile itholakala emadolobheni amakhulu, kuyilapho inethiwekhi yokuthengisa kanye namahhovisi endawo kusatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo.
Umphakathi waseMadrid uhlelwe njenge isikhungo esikhulu semisebenzi emkhakheni womshuwalense eSpainochwepheshe abangaphezu kuka-20.000 abasebenza ezinkampanini zomshuwalense kanye nezinhlangano ezihlobene. Amahhovisi amaningi amakhulu, amahhovisi okuphatha ajwayelekile, kanye namayunithi okusekela abalulekile asekelwe lapho, agxile engxenyeni enkulu yemisebenzi engaqondile neyamakhono aphezulu.
IBarcelona isendaweni yesibili ngokwenani lemisebenzi, ihlanganisa ndawonye ochwepheshe bomshuwalense abayizinkulungwane ezininganaKuyo, amaqembu ezinsizakalo zobungcweti ezixhumene nalo mkhakha nawo abelokhu esungulwa, kusukela ezinkampanini zokubonisana kuya ezinkampanini zomthetho, izinkampani zobuchwepheshe noma izinkampani zosizo kanye nezochwepheshe ezisebenzela cishe izinkampani zomshuwalense kuphela.
Ngaphandle kwamadolobha amakhulu amabili, kunezifundazwe lapho umthelela womshuwalense ubaluleke kakhulu khona uma kuqhathaniswa. Izindawo ezifana ne-Ávila, i-Vizcaya, i-Sevilla noma i-Valladolid igxile endlunkulu yokusebenza, izikhungo zezingcingo, izinsizakalo zokuphatha kanye nezinye izikhungo ezikhiqiza inani elikhulu lemisebenzi ezinzile endaweni. Eziningi zalezi zifundazwe, umkhakha womshuwalense uphakathi kwabaqashi abazimele abahamba phambili.
Ukufinyelela kabanzi kwenethiwekhi yomshuwalense, enamahhovisi, abalamuli, kanye nama-ejenti asakazeke kulo lonke izwe, kusho ukuthi Kunemisebenzi yomshuwalense emadolobheni amakhulu nasezindaweni ezincane.Nakuba izikhundla ezikhethekile kakhulu zigxile emadolobheni amakhulu, imisebenzi yezentengiselwano, isevisi yamakhasimende kanye nokuphathwa kwenqubomgomo yendawo kudala amathuba emisebenzi komasipala abahlukahlukene.
Lokhu kusatshalaliswa kwendawo nakho kunegalelo ekutheni lo mkhakha ube umthelela omkhulu kwezomnotho emiphakathini ehlukene ezimelehhayi ngokuqashwa ngqo kuphela, kodwa nangomsebenzi abawukhiqizayo kubaphakeli bangaphandle kanye nabalingani: ama-workshop, imitholampilo, izinkampani zomthetho, izinkampani zokusiza eceleni komgwaqo, izinsizakalo zokulungisa ikhaya kanye nohlu olude lweminye imisebenzi ehlobene nokuphathwa kwansuku zonke kwezicelo kanye nezinqubomgomo.
Isithombe esidwetshwa yiyo yonke le datha singesomuntu Umkhakha ohlanganisa ukuzinza, amaholo amahle, amathuba entuthuko, kanye nokuzibophezela okucacile kokulingana nokuqeqeshwaNgokuphambene nombono osephelelwe yisikhathi oqhubekayo phakathi kwabanye abantu, ukuqashwa emkhakheni womshuwalense sekungenye yezinketho zobungcweti eziqinile kakhulu esimweni sezomnotho saseSpain, ikakhulukazi kulabo abafuna ukwakha umsebenzi wesikhathi eside endaweni eshintsha njalo.
