Namuhla, okubaluleke kakhulu akusekho nje ukwakha izitshalo ezintsha zamandla, kodwa lungisa, uqinise futhi wenze inethiwekhi ibe yedijithali ukuze ikwazi ukuhlanganisa ukukhiqiza kabusha, ukusetshenziswa okusha okukhulu kwezimboni, izindawo zokushaja izimoto zikagesi, izikhungo zedatha futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokuhlinzekwa, ikhwalithi yesevisi kanye namanani ancintisanayo emindenini kanye namabhizinisi.
Uhlelo lukagesi oluklanyelwe esinye isikhathi
Amamodeli akudala ukuthuthwa nokusabalalisa ugesi Zazihlelelwe emashumini eminyaka edlule ukukhula okubikezelwayo kanye nengxube yamandla elawulwa yizitshalo ezinkulu zamandla ezivamile. Sekuyisikhathi eside zisebenza kahle, kodwa isimo sishintshe ngokuphelele ngokungena okukhulu kwemishini evuselelekayo kanye nokusetshenziswa okusha kukagesi.
Ukuhlela inethiwekhi yezokuthutha eSpain ngokuvamile kwenziwa e- imiphetho yeminyaka eminingi (izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa ezihlanganisa izinkathi zeminyaka eyisithupha), okwakunengqondo ngaleso sikhathi. Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi amanethiwekhi ethuthuka kancane kancane, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe (Ukwenziwa kwedijithali, ukugcinwa, ukuphathwa kwesidingo, ukukhiqizwa okusatshalaliswayo) kuhamba "ngesivinini sokukhanya" futhi kwenza amashejuli okuhlela akudala aphelelwe yisikhathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, sibhekene namanethiwekhi lapho Amaphethini okukhiqiza nokusetshenziswa ayashintsha Amandla afakwa ngokushesha ngendlela esakazwayo, futhi kwenzeka izinto eziningi ezidlulayo nezingahleliwe, okunzima ukuzilindela ngamamodeli avamile. Lokhu kudinga ukucabanga kabusha ngokuthi amanethiwekhi okudlulisa kanye nokusabalalisa aklanywa, asebenza futhi anwetshwa kanjani.
Kulesi simo esisha, isidingo sokuthi ukubeka phambili ukwenza ngcono yengqalasizinda ekhona ngaphambi kokwakha ingqalasizinda entsha, efaka izinhlelo zokuqapha ezithuthukisiwe, zokulawula, kanye nokuhlaziya idatha. Ukwenziwa kwedijithali kwenethiwekhi akuseyona "into eyengeziwe" kodwa kuyisici esiyinhloko sokuhlela.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingcindezi yezenhlalo nezomnotho isobala: yonke imisebenzi ekhiqizayo kanye nengxenye enkulu yokuphila kwansuku zonke idinga ugesi owengeziwe, okungcono 100% evuselelekayoKodwa ngesiqinisekiso esiphelele sokutholakala kwempahla nangezindleko ezincintisanayo. Inethiwekhi kumele ibe yinsika ethule eyenza lolu shintsho lube nokwenzeka ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.
Ukuguquka kwamandla: amandla avuselelekayo, isitoreji kanye nokuguquguquka okwengeziwe
Uhlelo lukagesi luqhubeka nenqubo ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo lapho ubuchwepheshe obuvuthiwe buhambisana khona nezixazululo ezintsha ezivuselelekayo kanye namadivayisi okugcina amandla. Umgomo uwukususa ikhabhoni emnothweni, ukufaka ugesi, kanye nokugcina ukuzinza kohlelo ngasikhathi sinye.
Phakathi kwamathuluzi ayisihluthulelo alesi sigaba esisha kukhona okulandelayo: izitshalo zamandla kagesi eziguqulwayo (ukupompa), okukwazi ukugcina amandla amaningi lapho kunomkhiqizo ovuselelekayo owengeziwe bese kukhishwa lapho kunokuntuleka; amabhethri angokoqobo, kokubili ngobukhulu benethiwekhi kanye nasezikhungweni zezimboni kanye nezindawo zokuhlala; kanye nekhono elikhulayo labathengi lokunikeza ukuguquguquka ngokushintsha isidingo sabo.
Ikholi ukuphathwa kwesidingo okusebenzayo Lokhu kuzovumela imindeni, ama-SME, kanye nezimboni ukuthi zilungise ukusetshenziswa kwazo ngezikhathi zokutholakala okukhulu noma intengo ephansi yamandla avuselelekayo, kuncishiswe isidingo esiphezulu futhi kusize ukulinganisela uhlelo. Le ndlela idinga amagridi ahlakaniphile kanye nezimpawu zemakethe eziklanywe kahle kanye nezindlela zamanani.
Akufanele sikhohlwe ukuthi sikhuluma ingqalasizinda enkulu kagesingobunzima obukhulu bobuchwepheshe kanye nomthelela omkhulu wendawo kanye nemvelo. Ukwakheka kwayo, ubukhulu, kanye nokusebenza kwayo kudinga amaphrofayili akhethekile kakhulu: onjiniyela bakagesi kanye namandla, ochwepheshe bokuhlaziya idatha, ochwepheshe bezemvelo, kanye nochwepheshe bezokuxhumana nabantu ukuphatha ubudlelwano nomphakathi ozungezile.
Kodwa-ke, izifundo ezahlukahlukene, njengalezo ezenziwa izinhlangano zebhizinisi kulo mkhakha, ziqinisekisa ukushoda kochwepheshe abafanelekayo kanye neziqu ezihambisana nalezi zidingo ezintsha. Lokhu kushoda kwamakhono kungaba yisithiyo esikhulu esivinini esidingekayo ekushintsheni kwamandla.
Ukuhlela ugesi eSpain: uhlaka lwezomthetho kanye nenqubo
Ukuhlela kwe- ingqalasizinda kagesi ESpain, ilawulwa kakhulu. Umthetho 24/2013, eMkhakheni Kagesi, uchaza esihlokweni sawo sesi-4 inqubo yokulungiselela uhlelo kanye nokulushintsha noma ukulushintsha uma kudingeka.
Lolu hlelo lunezingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingxenye kuyakhombisaLokhu kubeka izimo eziqondiwe zokukhiqizwa kanye nesidingo ezingeni likazwelonke, ngokuhambisana nezibopho zaseYurophu nezamazwe ngamazwe mayelana namandla nesimo sezulu. Lesi sigaba sifakwe ku-Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan (PNIEC), esebenza njengekhampasi yamasu enqubomgomo yamandla.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona ingxenye ukubopha egxile ekuthuthukisweni kwenethiwekhi yokudlulisa ugesi. Ilawulwa yizimiso ezijwayelekile ezisungulwe ku-Royal Decree 1955/2000 kanye nezimiso eziqondisayo ezibekwe ku-oda likangqongqoshe elisebenzisa uhlelo ngalunye olusha.
Ukuhlela inethiwekhi yezokuthutha kuyinqubo ivulekile futhi ilawulwa Ihlanganisa isikhathi seminyaka eyisithupha. Ibhalwa nguHulumeni, ngokubambisana kwemiphakathi ezimele, futhi ukuvunyelwa kwayo kudinga umbiko ovela kwiKhomishini Kazwelonke Yezimakethe Nokuncintisana (CNMC) kanye nenqubo yokubonisana nomphakathi. Ngaphambi kokuba uMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe uwuvume, uthunyelwa kwiCongress of Deputies.
Inhloso eyisisekelo yalolu hlelo ukunquma izidingo zentuthuko kwenethiwekhi ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokuhlinzekwa, ukuvumela ukuxhumana kwesizukulwane esisha (ikakhulukazi esivuselelekayo), ukuhlangabezana nokusetshenziswa okusha, ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle ngokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kanye nemikhawulo yobuchwepheshe, ukuxazulula izinkinga zokuminyana kanye nokuhlela kokubili ukuxhumana kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokuxhumana nezindawo ezingezona ezeziphazamiso.
Umjikelezo wokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lwenethiwekhi kanye nokubuyekezwa
Inqubo iqala ngokushicilelwa ku-BOE kwe- umyalelo wongqongqoshe okuvela kuMnyango Wezokuguquka Kwemvelo kanye Nenselele Yokubalwa Kwabantu (i-MITERD), onikeza isikhathi sezinyanga ezintathu ukuthi izinhlangano ezinentshisekelo zithumele iziphakamiso zazo zokuthuthukiswa kwenethiwekhi yezokuthutha.
Ukusuka lapho, umqhubi wesistimu kanye nomphathi wenethiwekhi yezokuthutha benza izifundo zobuchwepheshe uma kudingeka futhi ilungiselela isiphakamiso sokuqala zingakapheli izinyanga eziyisithupha. Lesi siphakamiso sithunyelwa kumnyango, sithunyelwe ku-CNMC ukuze kuboniswane ngayo, bese inqubo yokulalelwa komphakathi ivulwa okungenani inyanga eyodwa.
Ngemva kokuhlaziya umbiko we-CNMC kanye nezinsolo ezitholiwe, i-MITERD idlulisela wonke amadokhumenti kumqhubi ukuze, zingakapheli izinyanga ezimbili, ilungiselele isiphakamiso esisha sentuthukoNgokusekelwe kulokhu, uMnyango unezinyanga ezine zokwakha uhlelo lokugcina, futhi ngombiko wangaphambilini ovela ku-CNMC, bese uwuthumela kuHulumeni ukuze uvunyelwe.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uhlelo kumele ludlule inqubo ye Ukuhlolwa Kwemvelo Okuhlelekile okulawulwa kuMthetho 21/2013, owethula olunye ungqimba lokubuyekezwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ingqalasizinda entsha iyahlangabezana nezindinganiso zemvelo kanye nokusimama.
Umthetho 24/2013 unikeza izindlela ezimbili zokubukeza intuthuko yenethiwekhi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinyathelo ezingavamile zingavunyelwa, izinguquko ezithile ngesivumelwano soMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe uma kuvela izimo ezithile: ukuvela kwezehlakalo ezingalindelekile ezithinta ukuphepha kokuhlinzekwa, izimpahla ezintsha ezingaxhunywa kuphela kunethiwekhi yezokuthutha, izizathu zokusebenza kahle komnotho noma izikhungo ezibalulekile zokuguqulwa kwamandla okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili ohlelweni lwamanje.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukujwayelana kwezimpawu kuvunyelwe ochwepheshe Ukuze kuqaliswe izinhlelo, ezivunywa ngomyalo kangqongqoshe, lezi zilungiso zilungisa imininingwane yokwakheka, ubuchwepheshe, noma ukucushwa kwezikhungo ngaphandle kokushintsha izisekelo eziyinhloko zokuhlela.
Kusasebenza nanamuhla Uhlelo Lokuthuthukiswa Kwenethiwekhi Yezokuthutha 2021-2026Lolu hlelo seluvele lunezinguquko eziningana ezithile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi uyaqhubeka ohlelweni olusha luka-2025-2030, oluhloselwe ukuhlanganisa inani elikhulu lokutshalwa kwezimali phakathi nalesi sigaba sokushintsha kwamandla.
Ukuzinza komnotho, imikhawulo yokutshalwa kwezimali kanye nemivuzo
Ukuhlela kukagesi kuncike kumgomo wokuthi ukusimama kwezomnotho kanye nezezimali yesistimu, njengoba kuchazwe kuMthetho 24/2013. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izindleko zezindawo ezihlelwe ohlelweni (ikakhulukazi inkokhelo yezinkampani zezokuthutha ngokwakha, ukusebenzisa nokunakekela amanethiwekhi) kumele zimbozwe yimali yokufinyelela ekhokhwa ngabathengi kanye nezindleko ezihlobene nokuthunyelwa kwamandla emazweni angewona awe-EU.
Inani lokutshalwa kwezimali lezenzo ezifakwe ohlelweni ezifanelekela ukuxhaswa ngalezi zindleko lingaphansi kwe-a umkhawulo omkhuluIsinqumo Sasebukhosini 1047/2013 okwamanje sibeka lo mkhawulo ku-0,065% we-GDP ejwayelekile yomsebenzi wezokuthutha. Ukutshalwa kwezimali okuhloselwe ukuxhumana kwamazwe ngamazwe namazwe emakethe eyodwa yaseYurophu akufakiwe kulo mkhawulo.
Lolu hlaka lwemiholo lubalulekile, ngoba lubeka isifiso sabatshalizimali: ngaphandle ukuqiniseka okwanele kwezomthetho Futhi ngaphandle kohlelo lokukhokhelwa oluvumela ukubuyiselwa kwemali etshaliwe ngaphakathi kwesikhathi esifanele, izinkampani azinaso isisusa sokusheshisa ukuthunyelwa kwengqalasizinda entsha.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuvele impikiswano ejulile mayelana izinga lomholo Kufanelekile kumanethiwekhi. I-CNMC iphakamise izinga elicishe libe ngu-6,5%, elingaphezulu kune-5,58% yangaphambilini kodwa elingaphansi kwe-7,5% efunwa yilo mkhakha. Lo mehluko ubonisa ukudonsisana phakathi kokuqinisekisa ukuthi amanethiwekhi athuthuka ngesivinini esidingekayo nokugwema imiphumela eminingi ezindleleni zikagesi, njengoba abathengi bekhokhela lezi zingqalasizinda ngezindleko zokukhokha.
Izinkampani zikagesi zixwayise ngokuthi uma inzuzo elawulwayo ingakhangi ngokwanele, zingakwazi ukuqondisa kabusha ukutshalwa kwezimali ukubhekisa kwamanye amamakethe anezinhlaka ezinhle kakhulu, kuyilapho uHulumeni elwela ukufeza ibhalansi phakathi kokuthuthukiswa kwenethiwekhi kanye nokuvikelwa kwabathengi bokugcina.
Izinyathelo ezintsha zikahulumeni: ukuqinisa amanethiwekhi kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kusengaphambili
Ubhekene nokukhula ukuvinjelwa kwamanethiwekhi kagesi ESpain, uhulumeni ukhuthaze isinqumo sasebukhosini sezinyathelo eziphuthumayo zokuqinisa uhlelo. Lo mthetho uhambisana nohlelo olusha lwenethiwekhi enamandla kagesi aphezulu, oluhlose ukuqoqa cishe ama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-13.500 ngo-2030, okuyisibalo esingakaze sibonwe kule ndawo.
Olunye lwezinguquko ezifanele kakhulu yi- ukubuyekezwa okuphezulu kwemikhawulo yokutshalwa kwezimali kumanethiwekhi. Kuze kube manje, umkhawulo wawubekwe ku-0,13% we-GDP yokusatshalaliswa kanye no-0,065% wezokuthutha. Umqondo woMnyango ukwandisa le mingcele ibe cishe ku-62% ngo-2030, okwesikhashana, ngenhloso yokuvula amaphrojekthi nokunciphisa ukugcwala.
Lesi sinqumo siphendula esidingweni esidala esivela kulo mkhakha: lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali okulindelekileLezi yizenzo ezibikezela isidingo sangempela sokuvimbela umthengi oyedwa wezimboni ukuthi athwale zonke izindleko zokwandiswa kwamandla endaweni egcwele amanzi.
Kusukela manje kuqhubeke, nangaphansi kwezimo ezithile, lokhu kutshalwa kwezimali kuzokwazi okuzobangelwa ukuhlela kusengaphambili, uma nje belandela imigomo ecacile nesobala. Kunoma ikuphi, lezi zenzo zokulindela azikwazi ukudlula u-15% wenzuzo eyengeziwe yokutshalwa kwezimali enikezwa izinkampani.
Njengomlingani walo mkhawulo obanzi, uHulumeni uqinisa ukulawula izindlelaIzinkampani ezinkulu zokusabalalisa nezokuthutha kuzodingeka zishicilele imininingwane yezinhlelo zazo zokutshala imali, zichaze izinqumo zazo zokufinyelela (ukuthi kungani omunye umthengi exhunywe hhayi omunye) futhi zithumele izenzo zazo ku-audit ukuze zichaze umehluko phakathi kokutshalwa kwezimali okuhleliwe nokwangempela.
Ukulawulwa koNgqongqoshe, iqembu lokusebenza kanye nokuqina kwenethiwekhi
Lolu hlaka olusha lunikeza iSigungu Esiphezulu indima esebenzayo kakhulu ukuqapha ingqalasizinda ebalulekile okuye kwabonakala kuyisihluthulelo sekusasa lezimboni zezwe. Ungqongqoshe kanye noNobhala Wezamandla bagcizelele isidingo sokuvimbela ukuqagela ngezimvume zokufinyelela kanye nokubeka phambili amaphrojekthi anethonya elikhulu kakhulu endaweni.
Ngenxa yalokho, ukudalwa kwe- iqembu lomsebenzi Ukuze kuthuthukiswe umthamo wenethiwekhi, abameleli abavela kuMnyango, izinkampani ezinkulu zikagesi, kanye ne-CNMC bazohlanganyela. Le ngxoxo izozama ukuxhumanisa kangcono izinqumo zomthetho, izinhlelo zokutshalwa kwezimali kwebhizinisi, kanye nezidingo zesistimu.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe uvumile uhlu lwazo izenzo ezithile ukuqinisa ukuqina kwenethiwekhi yezokuthutha, ezifakwe njengokuguqulwa okusha okuqondile kuHlelo luka-2021-2026. Lezi yizenzo ezingama-65 ezihlose ukuthuthukisa ukulawulwa kwamandla kagesi, ukuzinza ngokumelene nokunyakaza kanye, ngokuvamile, ukuqinisa uhlelo kokubili ePeninsula kanye naseziQhingini zaseCanary naseBalearic.
Lokhu kutshalwa kwezimali kufaka phakathi ukufakwa kwe amathuluzi athuthukile kunethiwekhi (isinxephezelo esisebenzayo, amadivayisi okuzinza, ukuzenzakalela, njll.) okuvumela ukuphathwa okungcono kokugeleza kwamandla, ukunciphisa ingozi yokuphela kwamandla futhi ukuzivumelanisa nengxube evuselelekayo neyahlukaniswayo.
Umqondo oyisisekelo ucacile: ohlelweni olukhiqiza ugesi ngezikhathi ezithile kanye nokusetshenziswa kukagesi okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuqina kwenethiwekhi Akusekho "into enhle ukuba nayo" futhi kuba yinto eza kuqala kwezepolitiki nakwezomnotho.
Ukugoqa ukufinyelela, ukugcwala kwephuzu lokuxhumana, kanye nokubambezeleka
Nakuba inkulumo esemthethweni igcizelela ukuthi iSpain ibhekene nobunzima obukhulu ithuba lokutshala imali Uma kuxhunyaniswa nokufakwa kukagesi kanye nokuvuselelwa, iqiniso lamanje liwukuthi ingqalasizinda ayikhulanga ngesivinini esifanayo nesidingo. Umphumela uba ukusilela okukhulu kwamaphrojekthi.
Kusukela ngo-2020, amandla angaphezu kuka-43 GW anikezwe ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni, izikhungo zedatha, kanye nezindawo zokushaja—inani elilingana nesidingo esiphezulu somlando wezwe (cishe i-45 GW). Kodwa-ke, inethiwekhi yokusabalalisa kanye nokudlulisa ayizange iqiniswe ngesivinini esifanayo, okuholele ekwandeni kokugcwala.
Imininingwane yemboni iphakamisa ukuthi cishe 83,4% wezindawo zokufinyelela Inethiwekhi yokusabalalisa (i-voltage ephakathi nephansi) isivele igcwele. Ezifundazweni ezingaphezu kwamashumi amathathu, akusekho ndawo yokuxhuma ama-inverter amasha, futhi izifunda ezifana neBasque Country, i-Andalusia, i-Aragon, ne-Cantabria zigcwele kakhulu, cishe cishe wonke amandla azo abelwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo yokuphatha yokuthola izimvume zokufinyelela nokuxhuma ingandiswa ngesikhathi iminyaka engaphezu kweyisikhombisa Kwezinye izimo, lokhu kusebenza kumaphrojekthi amakhulu, okuvimbela ukutshalwa kwezimali futhi kubeke engcupheni ukufezwa kwemigomo yokususa i-carbonization. Ngisho nebhizinisi elincane noma eliphakathi nendawo (ama-SME) elifuna nje ukwandisa amandla alo ankontileka noma ukuthola indawo entsha yokuphakelwa lingachitha phakathi kwezinyanga ezine kuya kweziyisithupha libhala amaphepha.
Lobu buholi bube yisithiyo esikhulu ekuthuthukisweni okusha kwezimboni kanye namandla. Eqinisweni, uhulumeni uqobo uyavuma ukuthi kukhona isithiyo esisongela ukutshalwa kwezimali kufika kuma-euro ayizigidigidi eziyi-100.000 uma amakhono enethiwekhi kanye nezinqubo zokuphatha zingavulwa ngokushesha.
Isidingo sikagesi esikhulayo kanye nezidingo zokutshalwa kwezimali ekusatshalalisweni
Izilinganiso zeminyaka eyishumi ezayo zikhomba ku- ukwanda okukhulu kwesidingo sikagesi kuzwelonke. Ucwaningo olwenziwe yi-Technological Research Institute (IIT) nenkampani yokubonisana i-EY, olulungiselelwe inhlangano yabaqashi bakagesi i-AELEC, lulinganisela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kagesi kungakhula phakathi kuka-33% no-54% kuze kube ngu-2030, kufinyelele cishe ku-360,8 TWh ngonyaka.
Esimweni esinzima kakhulu, isidingo singaba kabili ngo-2035, okubangelwa ukufakwa kukagesi embonini, ukwamukelwa kabanzi kwezimoto zikagesi, kanye nokwanda kwezikhungo zedatha kanye nabanye abathengi abakhulu, abasebenzisa amandla amaningi.
Ucwaningo olufanayo luchaza ukuthi lokhu kukhula kuzoba nethonya ingcindezi ekhethekile kumanethiwekhi kagesi aphakathi naphezuluLezi zinkampani zinesibopho sokuhambisa ugesi ezikhungweni zezimboni, emapaki ebhizinisi, nasezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Inethiwekhi yokusabalalisa kumele ivumelane namaphethini amasha okusetshenziswa kanye nokwanda kokukhiqizwa kokusabalalisa (ukusetshenziswa komuntu siqu, imiphakathi yamandla, njll.).
Ukuze kuhlolwe izidingo, i-IIT isungule imodeli elinganisela ukutshalwa kwezimali okudingekayo kunethiwekhi yokusabalalisa ukuze kuxhunywe abathengi abasha, kufakwe esikhundleni sezimpahla ezindala, futhi kuthuthukiswe ukwenziwa kwedijithali. Okutholakele kwayo kukhomba isidingo sokutshala imali phakathi 4.500 billion kanye ne-6.300 billion euros ngonyaka kuze kube ngu-2030, izibalo ezihambisana kahle nemingcele ephakanyiswe yi-MITECO ku-Royal Decree kaSepthemba.
Abameleli abavela emikhakheni esebenzisa amandla amaningi baveze ukukhathazeka kwabo mayelana umthamo wenethiwekhi olinganiselwe wamanje futhi ngenxa yobuningi bezicelo zokufinyelela ezisalindile. Umbiko ugcizelela ukuthi, uma ukutshalwa kwezimali okudingekayo kungenziwa ngesikhathi, inethiwekhi yokusabalalisa ingaba yisithiyo esikhulu sokuhlangabezana nezinhloso ze-National Integrated Energy and Climate Plan (PNIEC) zika-2023-2030 mayelana nokuguquka kwamandla.
Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwengqalasizinda njengethuba labatshalizimali
Ngaphandle kwezici zomthetho nezobuchwepheshe, izitayela zesakhiwo ezikhuthaza ukutshalwa kwezimali kwingqalasizinda (ukufakwa kukagesi, ukwenziwa kwedijithali, ukuqina, ukuphepha kwamandla) nazo zivula inkundla yokudlala ekhangayo kubatshalizimali ezimakethe zezimali.
Izinhlelo ezinkulu zokutshalwa kwezimali, njengohlelo lwe- Amaphrojekthi engqalasizinda angama-€500.000 billion eJalimaneUkwanda kobuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye namandla ayo amakhulu kanye nezidingo zokupholisa, noma amasu kazwelonke okuqinisa ukukhiqiza, ukugcina kanye namanethiwekhi, kudala ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kwamaphrojekthi namathuba.
Ngenxa yalesi simo, abanye abatshalizimali bangase bacabange ukuthi indlela engcono kakhulu yokusebenzisa leli gagasi ukubheja izimpahla zengqalasizinda ezijikelezayo neziguquguqukayo (isibonelo, okuhlobene nokuthuthwa noma izinto zokusetshenziswa), befuna ukubamba ukukhula okukhulu okungenzeka, nakuba kubiza ukuthatha ingozi eyengeziwe.
Kodwa-ke, leli cebo liza nezindleko: linganciphisa ngokunembile lezo zinzuzo ezenza ingqalasizinda engxenyeni yokuzivikela amaphothifoliyo, njengokuvikela ukwehla kwamandla emali, ukuvikela ukukhuphuka kwamanani entengo, kanye nokuzinza kokuhamba kwemali.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona umehluko ongamanga phakathi kokutshala imali kuphela ku- izinsiza zokuzivikela ezikhula kancane (izinsiza zomphakathi zendabuko) noma ezinkampanini zengqalasizinda ezinekhono eliphezulu kodwa eziguquguqukayo kakhulu. Iqiniso lomhlaba wonke wengqalasizinda ethengiswa esidlangalaleni licebile kakhulu futhi linezici eziningi.
Izinsizakusebenza ezilawulwayo: ukukhula okuzinzile, imithethonqubo kanye nezikhuthazo
Umhlaba wokutshalwa kwezimali kwingqalasizinda ebhalwe ohlwini uhlukaniswe kabanzi phakathi kwezinkampani ezine ukuvezwa okwengeziwe ngomjikelezo (isibonelo, ezokuthutha ezixhumene nokuhweba komhlaba wonke, izinkampani ezixhumene nezinto zokusetshenziswa) kanye nezinkampani ezinephrofayili ezinzile, njengezinsiza ezilawulwayo, ezimele ingxenye evikela kakhulu kulo mkhakha.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwemali engqalasizinda yomhlaba wonke kuzozuzisa kakhulu leli qembu lesibili, njengoba liyi- izinsiza zikagesi ezilawulwayo Lokhu kuyisisekelo sezindlela ezinkulu zokwakha: ukufakwa kukagesi kwesidingo, ukwenziwa kwesimanje kwenethiwekhi, ukuqina, kanye nokwenziwa kwedijithali.
Abalawuli bayazi kahle ukuthi lokhu kukhula kubalulekile emnothweni wonkana. Yingakho benjalo izinsiza zokukhuthaza ukuqhubeka nokutshala imali ekwandiseni, ukukhulisa imbuyiselo evunyelwe noma ukufaka izindlela ezengeziwe zokukhuthaza ukusebenza kahle kanye nekhwalithi yenkonzo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzibophezela kohulumeni ku- ukwenziwa kwesimanje kwamanethiwekhi nezinhlelo Lokhu kuholela kwisabelomali esithile sokufakwa kukagesi, ukuqinisa amandla, ukuzenzekela, kanye nokuqina kokunikezwa kwamandla. Izitshalo zesizukulwane esisha, ezivuselelekayo kanye nezendabuko, zidinga ukuxhunywa kugridi futhi zivame ukudinga ukuthuthukiswa kwegridi ukuze zibhekane nesidingo esikhulu kanye nokushintshaniswa kwamandla okwengeziwe.
Ukuqina komzimba kuye kwaba yinto ebalulekile ngemva kweziqephu ezifana ne- kubikwe ukucima kogesi eSpain noma ezinye izehlakalo zamazwe ngamazwe. Lokhu kuye kwabangela, isibonelo, ukwanda kwezinkokhelo zamandla ezikhungweni ezihlanganisiwe, ezithola isinxephezelo esengeziwe ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla azotholakala uma edingeka, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zesidingo sesistimu esiphezulu.
Izibonelo zaseYurophu: IJalimane nezinhlaka zomthetho ezinezikhuthazo
Icala laseJalimane libonisa indlela ukushintshela ekufakeni ugesi Kungaba nzima kakhulu emazweni athembele kakhulu kumafutha asetshenziswa ekushiseni, njengokushisa. Lapho, igridi kagesi idinga ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha ukuze kuxhunywe imithombo yamandla emisha futhi kuqiniswe ukuxhumana okukhona ngenxa yesidingo esikhulayo.
Lesi simo sizophoqa iJalimane ukuthi tshala imali kakhulu kumanethiwekhi abo eminyakeni ezayo, okudala isimo esihle sokuba umlawuli abuyekeze inzuzo evunyelwe ezikhungweni zezinsizakalo, ukuze zibe nezisusa ezanele zokwenza lokhu kutshalwa kwezimali.
Kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, njenge-Italy, i-United Kingdom, noma iJalimane uqobo, izinhlaka eziningi zomthetho zihlanganisa izikhuthazo zokusebenza ezivumela izikhungo zezimali ukuthi zithole imbuyiselo ephezulu kunezinga lokulinganisa uma zithuthukisa ukusebenza kwazo kahle noma zizikhokhela ngezindleko eziphansi kunezinga elisetshenziswa umlawuli.
Empeleni, lokhu kusho ukuthi izinkampani eziphethwe kangcono zingakwazi kudlule ukubuyiselwa kwesisekelo okugunyaziweyize lokhu kungase kungabonakali kuphezulu kakhulu ekuqaleni. Isihluthulelo sisekhonweni labo lokwenza amaphrojekthi ngempumelelo futhi basebenzise izinzuzo zomthetho.
Ngokombono wokutshalwa kwezimali, kugxilwe ezikhungweni ezilawulwayo ezilawulwayo Baphinde batshale imali yabo engxenyeni enkulu yemali engenayo Ukukhula—esikhundleni sokusabalalisa izinzuzo nje—kunganikeza inhlanganisela ekhangayo kakhulu yokuzinza, ukukhula kanye nokwanda kwemali engenayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngaphandle kokucabanga ukuthi ezinye izimpahla zengqalasizinda ziyajikeleza.
Kulesi simo, ithuba langempela alikho nje ekuphishekeleni izinzuzo ezisheshayo eziphezulukodwa kunalokho ekutholeni izinkampani ezizinzile ezizuza ezindleleni ezinkulu zokutshalwa kwezimali kwengqalasizinda, ezikhiqiza imali engenayo ephindaphindayo, futhi zisebenzisa ukutshalwa kwezimali kabusha njengesivikelo sokudala inani lesikhathi eside.
Yonke imvelo ye ukutshalwa kwezimali kwingqalasizinda kagesi Umkhakha wamandla uhlelwa kabusha ngesivinini esikhulu: izinhlaka zomthetho eziyinkimbinkimbi kodwa ezigxile ekushintsheni, ukubuyekezwa okuphezulu kwemikhawulo yokutshalwa kwezimali, amagridi ahlakaniphile futhi aqinile, kanye nesidingo sikagesi esikhuphukayo esiqhutshwa ukufakwa kukagesi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwedijithali. Ukuqonda ukuthi lezi zingcezu zihlangana kanjani—kusukela ekuhleleni kukahulumeni kuya ekukhuthazeni izinsiza kanye nezidingo zemboni—kubalulekile ekwakheni izinqubomgomo ezisebenzayo nokuvumela amabhizinisi nabatshalizimali ukuthi basebenzise amathuba amaningi ngenkathi kuqinisekiswa ukuzinza kohlelo kanye nokuvikelwa kwabathengi.
