Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zisemilonyeni yawo wonke umuntu, futhi akukhona ukuqondana nje: Ziyisisekelo esingasho lutho sobuningi bobuchwepheshe besimanjeKusukela kumamotho kagesi nezinjini zomoya kuya kuzikrini, i-fiber optics, nemishini yezokwelapha, amaminerali asetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo. Naphezu kwamagama abo, awawona "umhlaba" ngokwezwi nezwi noma, ngaphandle kokumbalwa, "ayivelakancane". Noma kunjalo, ukukhishwa nokucwengisiswa kwazo kuyinkimbinkimbi, futhi kulapho ingxenye enkulu yezombangazwe zanamuhla inqunywa khona.
Ngaphezu kwenkulumompikiswano yezimboni, kukhona ukushuba kwesimo emhlabeni jikelele: I-China ibusa ukukhiqizwa futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukucwengwa.Futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho i-US isongela ukukhawulela ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, wonke amaketanga okuhlinzeka ayathuthumela. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-Europe, i-Japan, i-South Korea, ne-United States zisesha ezinye izindlela: amadiphozithi amasha, ukugaywa kabusha, kanye nomklamo osebenza kahle kakhulu. Ake siqaqe, ngaphandle kwamagama aminyeneyo, ukuthi ayini, atholakala kanjani, kungani ewusizo kangaka, lapho atholakala khona, nokuthi kusho ukuthini ukuncika kuwo.
Ziyini ngempela izakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane?
Uma sikhuluma ngezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile, sibhekisela kuzo Izakhi zamakhemikhali eziyi-17 zensimbiAma-lanthanides angu-15 (kusuka ku-lanthanum kuya ku-lutetium) kanye ne-scandium ne-yttrium, evame ukuhambisana nawo kumadiphozithi afanayo. Igama labo livela esikweni elidala lokubiza ama-oxide ngokuthi "imihlaba" nokuthi kwakunzima kangakanani ukuwahlukanisa ngekhulu le-18 nele-19; yingakho igama lanamathela.
Empeleni Aziyivelakancane kakhulu ongqimbeni lomhlabaI-cerium, isibonelo, ivamile njengethusi. Inkinga ayikona kakhulu ukuzithola, kodwa kunalokho ukuthi zibonakala zihlakazeke kakhulu futhi zixutshwe nezinye izakhi, okwenza inkimbinkimbi futhi zinyuse izindleko zokuzihlukanisa. Kukhona okuhlukile okukodwa: i-promethium (Pm) inomsakazo futhi ayikho ngokwemvelo; itholakala kuma-reactors enuzi kusukela ekuqhekekeni kwe-uranium.
Ngokombono wesayensi yezinkanyezi, ubukhona bayo bunomlando othakazelisayo: Eziningi zalezi zakhi zenziwe ngezenzakalo ezimbi kakhulu njengokuhlanganiswa kwezinkanyezi ze-neutron. Ama-meteorite kanye noqweqwe lwasolwandle olunothisiwe kusiza ososayensi bakhe kabusha imvelaphi yabo nokusabalalisa ku-Solar System, futhi bakhuthaze namasu okuhlola kwabo kwesikhathi esizayo.
Indaba yaselabhorethri: ukusuka emfihlakalweni ukuya kuthebula le-periodic
I-saga iqala ngo-1787, lapho UCarl Axel Arrhenius uthole amaminerali amnyama aminyene kakhulu eYtterby (Sweden)Usole ukuthi ibiphethe into entsha wayiqamba ngokuthi "itshe elisindayo likaYtterby." Ngo-1792, usokhemisi waseFinland uJohan Gadolin wahlaziya isampula: wathola ama-oxide e-silicon, i-aluminium, nensimbi, kanye nengxenye ebalulekile ye-oxide engaziwa. Leyo mineral, i-gadolinite, yayinefomula efanelekile ethi Be2Ukukholwa2Si2O10, futhi ukuhlola kwayo kungaveza i-yttrium (Y) nawo wonke umkhaya wezakhi.
Ngokushesha ngemuva kwalokho, UVauquelin noKlaproth bayiqinisekisile imiphumela Baphakamise igama elithi "gadolinite" leminerali kanye ne-"yttrium" le-oxide yento entsha, ngokubhekisela endaweni okutholwe kuyo. Intambo yayinezimpande zangaphambili: kusukela ngo-1751, uCronstedt wayechaze "itshe elisindayo laseBastnäs," uBerzelius noHisinger abalifunda ngo-1803 nalapho bahlukanisa khona i-ceria (CeO₄).2) kanye nesici se-cerium (Ce), esiqanjwe nge-planetoid Ceres.
Ukuhlukana kwakunzima. Ngo-1830, uCarl Mosander wahlukanisa i-metallic cerium futhi wathola i-lanthanum (La) kusukela ku-cerium. Uphinde wahlonza okuthiwa yi-"didymium" okwathi emashumini eminyaka kamuva kwavela ingxube yama-oxides: ngo-1885, i-Welsbach yayizohlukanisa i-praseodymium (Pr) ne-neodymium (Nd). UMosander waphinde wathola ngo-1844 ama-oxide amabili awabiza ngokuthi i-erbium ne-terbium; amagama abo aze ashintshaniswa ngo-1860, okubonisa isiphithiphithi sangaleso sikhathi.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, uhlu lwaqhubeka lukhula: U-Marignac uthole i-ytterbia; Lars Nilson scandium eyedwa ngo-1879; U-Per Teodor Cleve uhlonze i-holmia (Ho) ne-thulia (Tm); futhi U-Boisbaudran uthole i-samaria ku-didymia, lapho i-samarium (Sm) izohlukaniswa khona. Ngo-1886, uBoisbaudran ngokwakhe wathola i-gadolinium (Gd).2O3) kanye ne-dysprosium (Dy) kusuka kumafrakshini "angcolile"; kwabe sekufika i-europium (Eu, Demarçay, 1901) kanye ne-lutetium (Lu, Urbain, 1907). I-promethium Kwaqinisekiswa kamuva kakhulu (uMarinsky, Glendenin noCoryell, 1944-1947) emikhiqizweni ye-fission eTennessee.
Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali nezomzimba: yini ezenza zihluke
I-Lanthanides iyinsimbi ama-electropositive okuthi, njengomthetho, asebenze esimweni se-oxidation +3Kulo lonke uchungechunge, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukufinyela kwe-lanthanide" kwenzeka: i-ionic radii iyancipha kancane kancane ngenxa yokwanda kokushaja okusebenzayo kwe-nuclear okuzwiwa ama-electron angu-4f. Le mininingwane, engeyona encane, ibeka i-chemistry yayo kanye ne-crystalline structure.
Ngosayizi we-ionic, yakha izinhlanganisela ezinezinombolo eziphezulu zokuxhumanisa kanye namaphethini esakhiwo esithile. I-Ln oxides yayo2O3 Ziyi-polymorphic futhi zamukela izakhiwo eziningana (izinhlobo A, B, no-C). Ngama-halogen, akha i-LnX trihalides.3 kulo lonke uchungechunge, ngaphandle kokuthi i-cerium nayo yakha i-tetrahalide CeX4 no Ce4+.
Omunye umndeni othakazelisayo yi-hydrides: Zonke izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zakha ama-hydride ohlobo lwe-fluorite, ngokuvamile nge-stoichiometry LnH elinganiselwe2Nakuba ama-trihydrides angewona ama-stoichiometric nama-hydrides ekhona, ama-nitride kanambambili, ngokwengxenye yawo, asebenzisa isakhiwo sohlobo "sikasawoti wedwala" olula kakhulu kodwa olusebenzayo.
Kumagnetism kanye ne-spectroscopy, ukuziphatha kwayo kukhethekile. Ama-electron angu-4f angama-protagonists futhi avikelwe kakhulu izendlalelo ze-5s2 kanye 5p6ukuze imvelo yamakhemikhali iphazamise amazinga abo amandla. I-spin-orbit coupling constants mikhulu, ngakho-ke ama-ion ngokuvamile anesimo esisodwa saphansi esichazwe kahle (enenombolo ye-quantum J), futhi isimo esilandelayo senjabulo sinabantu abambalwa ekamelweni lokushisa.
Basuke lapho kuqhamuke abo imibala yesici kanye noshintsho lwe-f-fokuyizinto ezizimele ezihlangene nenhlanganisela. Ukubala okumbalwa: Pr3+ odayi abaluhlaza, Nd3+ ulala, Sm3+ ngophuzi, Eu3+ ophinki ophaphathekile, kuyilapho uLa3+, Ce3+ kanye noGd3+ Azinambala. Le "palette" iyasiza kakhulu, isibonelo, kuma-lasers kanye ne-phosphors.
Amaminerali kanye nezinhlobo zamadiphozithi
Nakuba ziye zachazwa amaminerali angaphezu kuka-180 aqukethe umhlaba ongavamileCishe zingama-25 kuphela zalezi zimbiwa eziheha intshisekelo yezomnotho yangempela. Phakathi kwezibaluleke kakhulu i-bastnaesite (REE fluorocarbonate), i-monazite (i-phosphate), i-xenotime (i-yttrium phosphate), i-loparite (i-oxide eyinkimbinkimbi ecebile ku-Ce, Na, Ca, Ti kanye ne-Nb), i-cerite (silicate) ne-gadolinite (ilicate ene-REE, i-beryllium nensimbi).
Amadiphozithi amakhulu ahlotshaniswa nalawa amaminerali ahlobene nezimo ezine eziyinhloko zokwakheka komhlaba. Okokuqala, ama-carbonatesamatshe avuthayo anama-carbonates angaphezu kuka-50%, njenge-Bayan Obo (China) noma i-Mountain Pass (USA). Okwesibili, i-alkaline igneous rocks njengeNepheline syenites yaseLovozero (Russia). Okwesithathu, ubumba lwe-lateral ezakhiwe ngokushintshwa kwe-in situ; I-Southeast China isebenzisa amadiphozithi angaphezu kwama-250 alolu hlobo. Okwesine, amadiphozithi ohlobo lwentokozo lapho kugxilwe khona i-monazite, njengaleyo eseMatamulas (Ciudad Real).
Kukhona futhi ubufakazi bokucebisa ku-cobalt manganese crusts ekujuleni kolwandle, ukuxhashazwa kwalo kusacwaningwa. Akuyona inganekwane yesayensi: lezi yizimo ezinezinsiza zangempela, nakuba ukusebenza kwazo kwezomnotho nemvelo kuhlolwa ngokuseduze.
Ukukhiqiza, okokugcina kanye nokucwengisiswa: amandla ebhodlela
Izibalo ziyahlukahluka kuye ngomthombo nonyaka, kodwa iphethini iyafana: I-China iphethe ngokusobala umkhakhaNgokomlando, ukukhiqizwa konyaka kwama-rare earth oxides (REOs) bekungamathani ayi-160.000, kuyilapho eminyakeni yamuva nje sekufinyelele amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamathani (ngokwesibonelo, cishe amathani ayi-390.000 kwezinye izilinganiso). I-China ihlinzeka ngobuningi bokunikezwayo, okudlula kalula ama-70% emakethe; ekucwengisweni, ithatha cishe u-90% womthamo.
Phakathi kwabawasukelayo kukhona United States njengomkhiqizi wesibili, Myanmar (ngokuvamile ngaphansi kwesambulela sezinkampani zaseShayina), Australia, I-Tailandia y NigeriaMayelana nezinqolobane, i-USGS ilinganisela cishe amathani ayizigidi ezingama-90 we-REO alinganayo emhlabeni jikelele: cishe ingxenye eChina, mayelana ne-21 Mt eBrazil, ezungeze i-7 Mt eNdiya, cishe i-6 Mt e-Australia kanye ne-4 Mt eRussia; eminye imithombo nayo inemininingwane ngezibalo ezifanele kakhulu Vietnam y IGreenland, ngaphezu kweNorway ngediphozithi ekhonjiwe engu ~ 1,57 Mt.
I-Europe incike cishe ku-90% futhi ukukhiqizwa kwayo kwamanje kuncane. España Ivela ebalazweni enekhono: ngaphezu kwenjabulo ye Matamulas (Ciudad Real), kukhona okulindelekile e-Galicia, Castilla-La Mancha, Andalusia, nase-Extremadura. Idiphozithi ye-Matamulas ilinganiselwa ukuthi iqukethe amathani acishe abe yizigidi ezingama-29,9 we-monazite, futhi kuphakanyiswe ukuthi inganikela ngamathani angama-2.000 ngonyaka we-REO, yize konke lokhu. Ingaphansi kwezobuchwepheshe, ezomnotho kanye nezemvelo.
Izicelo zobuchwepheshe kanye zansuku zonke
Uhlu lwayo lokusetshenziswa lude kakhulu ukuthi lungangena ku-tweet. Ukuqala ngokwaziwa kakhulu, i-neodymium-iron-boron (Nd) omagnethi baphakade2Fe14B) Baguqule izinjini zikagesi, izinjini zomoya, ama-headphone, izipikha, ama-hard drive, nezinzwa. I-Dysprosium ne-terbium zengezwa ukuze zithuthukise ukusebenza kwazo emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, ikakhulukazi kuma-turbine omoya kanye nezimoto zikagesi.
Kuma-optics kanye ne-photonics, I-Lanthanides ayinakuhlulwaI-Neodymium iyinhliziyo yama-lasers afana ne-YAG (yttrium aluminium garnet), i-YLF (yttrium lithium fluoride), noma i-YVO.4 (yttrium vanadate), ephuma ku-infrared (cishe 1054–1064 nm) futhi isetshenziswa kwezokwelapha namazinyo. I-Europium ne-terbium zenza kusebenze ama-phosphor abomvu, aluhlaza, naluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuma-LED nezibonisi ze-fluorescent. I-Erbium inika amandla ukukhulisa imicu ye-optical yehle iye ku-1.55 μm yokuxhumana ngocingo.
I-Cerium, ngakolunye uhlangothi, Ikhanya njenge-catalyst ne-ejenti yokupholishaI-Lanthanum itholakala ezithandweni ezizihlanzayo, ekuqhekekeni okunamandla ukuze kucwengwe, nasekupholishweni kwengilazi nezinto zokubona. Kubuye kube yingxenye yama-alloys akhanyisa izibani (ferrocerium). I-Lanthanum inyusa inkomba ye-refractive yengilazi ebonakalayo futhi isetshenziswa kumalensi nanjengengxenye yamabhethri e-Ni-MH.
I-Yttrium (Y) isetshenziselwa Ama-lasers we-YAGizikrini ze-phosphorescent, high-temperature superconductors (YBCOs), I-zirconia eqinile (YSZ) nge-ceramics ethuthukisiwe, futhi i-yttrium iron garnet (YIG) I-Scandium (Sc) itholakala kuzihlungi ze-microwave. Ibuye isetshenziselwe ukumboza okonga amandla nezibani ze-LED ezimhlophe, ama-spark plug, nanjengesengezo ezinsimbini. I-Scandium iqinisa ama-alloys e-aluminium ku-aerospace futhi ithuthukisa izibani zensimbi ze-halide.
Kuma-magnetostrictors, izinhlanganisela ezifana i-terphenol-D (terbium + iron) kanye i-galfenol I-Gadolinium nensimbi zisebenza kuma-sonar, ama-actuator, nezinzwa eziqinile. Kwezokwelapha, i-gadolinium iyi-a i-ejenti yokuqhathanisa emfanekisweni we-magnetic resonanceI-Holmium isetshenziswa kuma-laser okuhlinzwa. I-Thulium isetshenziswe emishinini ye-X-ray ephathekayo kanye nama-laser ahlangene.
I-imaging yezokwelapha: ama-phosphors nezikrini eziqinisayo
Ngaphambi kwesikhathi esigcwele sedijithali, ngisho nanamuhla kumadivayisi athile, ukuqinisa izikrini nge-phosphor yomhlaba engavamile Baguqula ama-X-ray abe ukukhanya okubonakalayo ukunciphisa umthamo esigulini. Izinhlanganisela zabo ezijwayelekile zihlanganisa izicupha ezinquma umbala okhishiwe.
- Gd2O2S:Tb (i-terbium-activated gadolinium oxysulfide): ikhipha okuluhlaza cishe ku-540 nm.
- La2O2S:Tb (i-larthanum oxysulfide yenziwe yasebenza nge-terbium): futhi eluhlaza ~ 540 nm.
- Y2O2S:Tb (i-terbium-activated yttrium oxysulfide): ukukhishwa kokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (okungaba ngu-450–500 nm).
- LaOBr:Tm (i-thulium-activated lanthanum oxybromide): blue 450–500 nm.
- YTaO4:Tm (thulium-activated yttrium tantalate): blue-ultraviolet phakathi kuka-450–500 nm.
Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-calcium tungstate yakudala, Lawa maphosphor aguqula imisebe ngokuphumelelayoZivumela isivinini esikhulu futhi, ngamapharamitha wobuchwepheshe athuthukisiwe, zinciphisa umthamo. Okubi ukuthi izikrini ezisheshayo zingandisa "umsindo" we-quantum kanye ne-radiographic; ibhalansi phakathi kwemininingwane nomthamo kuyisihluthulelo.
Uguquko lwamandla nohlaza: izinyathelo ezintathu zomthelela
Uma siyala indima yabo yamandla, bayadonswa izinyathelo ezintathu ezedlulanayoOkokuqala, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla okuqondile: izinjini zomoya zisebenzisa omazibuthe be-Nd-Fe-B abane-neodymium engaba ngu-30% engxenyeni kazibuthe, kanye nezithasiselo ze-dysprosium ne-terbium ukuze kuqine ukufudumala. Emkhakheni wesayensi yenuzi kanye nomkhathi, i-promethium-147 isetshenziswe ku amabhethri e-betavoltaic amandla aphansi kakhulu ama-probe kanye nezicelo zezempi ezingenzeka.
Okwesibili, ukusebenza kahle ekusetshenzisweni: Ukukhanya kwe-fluorescent kanye ne-LED nge-europium, terbium, ne-yttrium phosphors; amamotho kagesi ahlangene, asebenza kahle kakhulu ngenxa kazibuthe we-neodymium kanye ne-dysprosium; futhi Amabhethri e-Ni-MH ama-cathode awo akhiwe ngama-alloys omhlaba angavamile anezilinganiso ezijwayelekile ze-cerium (45-50%), i-lanthanum (25%), i-neodymium (15-20%) ne-praseodymium (5%).
Okwesithathu, kusho ukuthi kusiza ukuphatha amandla: ama-hydride omhlaba angajwayelekile okugcina i-hydrogen kuma-crystal lattices futhi uyikhulule ngokushisa okuncane; ama-isotopes afana ne-Sm, Gd, Dy, Ho kanye ne-Er ekulawuleni kwe-reactor; kanye nendima ebalulekile ka-La no-Ce in ama-catalytic converters ezimotweni nasezithasiselweni zohlobo lwe-CeO2 emafutheni, anciphisa izinga lokushisa lomlilo we-soot futhi akhuthaze ukuhlanzwa kwezihlungi zezinhlayiya.
Emakethe, ngaphezu kwamandla, Cishe uhhafu womkhiqizo usetshenziswa kuzibuthe kanye ne-catalysisNgokuya ngenani lezomnotho, omazibuthe nezinto ezikhanyayo ziyagqama. Ukusetshenziswa nge-elementi kuhlanekezelwe kakhulu: i-neodymium (~49%) kanye ne-praseodymium (~20%) ibusa ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwawo kuzibuthe; kulandelwa i-lanthanum (~ 6%), i-cerium (~ 4%), ne-terbium (~ 4%); ezinye zingaphansi kuka-2%. I-Terbium ne-lutetium ziphakathi kwezinto ezibiza kakhulu ngenxa yokushoda kwazo kanye nobunzima bokuzihlukanisa.
I-Geopolitics, ukuhweba kanye nokugaywa kabusha: izingcezu ebhodini
Eminyakeni yamuva, I-Beijing imemezele izilawuli eziqinile zokuthumela ngaphandle Lokhu kuhlanganisa izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhipha nokucubungula. Njengoba i-monopoly eseduze-futhi esondele ku-90% yokucwenga-ingakwazi ukulawula ukuhamba kwezinsiza ukuze ivumelane nezithakazelo zayo. Lokhu kuthinta i-United States, i-European Union, i-Japan, ne-South Korea, konke okuncike kakhulu kumakhelwane wayo wase-Asia.
Izingqungquthela zamazwe ngamazwe zisebenze njengenkundla yalokhu kushuba: Abaholi baseMelika nabaseShayina baxoxile ngalolu daba ezithangamini zase-Asia-PacificIzingxoxo ziyaqhubeka ukuze kuhlehliswe imikhawulo kanye nokuthenga isikhathi. I-Japan ifune izivumelwano zamasu ukuze ivikele amaketanga ayo, kuyilapho iNingizimu Korea ikhathazekile ngokuncika kwayo ezimotweni nasezintweni zikagesi.
I-Ukraine nayo ibhekwe ngomhlabathi wayo ongaphansi, noma kunjalo Izinqolobane zabo ezifakazelwe zezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile aziningi kangako. njengoba kubonisiwe. Ngokuhambisanayo, ubukhulu bezempi balezi zakhi busobala: indiza yokulwa ye-F-35 ihlanganisa ngaphezu kwe-400 kg yezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba, futhi umkhumbi-ngwenya wenuzi wezinga laseVirginia ungadinga ngaphezu kwe-4.000 kg. Konke lokhu kugcizelela ukubaluleka kwawo ngamasu.
Izixazululo? Eziningana, kodwa akekho kubo ngokushesha. Ukuvula imayini kungathatha iminyaka engama-30 Kusukela ekutholakaleni kuya ekukhiqizeni. Into ephusile kakhulu esikhathini esifushane nesiphakathi wukuqhakambisa i buyisela kabusha (Izimayini zasemadolobheni): Namuhla awedluli u-1% wengqikithi. I-Europe iya kuleyo ndlela, kanti iSpain isibeke phambili iMineral Raw Materials Action Plan 2025–2029. Noma kunjalo, imiklamo yezimayini izodingeka, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuhlukaniswa nokucwenga amandla ngaphandle kweShayina.
Izinganekwane kanye nelukuluku: akukho "izwe" noma "akuvamile"
Igama liyadukisa. Akuwona "izwe" ngomqondo we-colloquial, kodwa kunalokho izinsimbi ama-oxide azo atholwe kuqala. Futhi "aziyivelakancane" ngobuningi: i-cerium, isibonelo, iphakathi kwezakhi ezingu-25 ezivame kakhulu kuqweqwe lomhlaba. Okungavamile—nemisebe—kuyi-promethium, engekho ngokwemvelo.
I-chemistry yabo iyamangalisa: f–f izinguquko umbala ions kanye nezibuko, futhi "ukungavikeleki" kwayo ekushintsheni kwemvelo kusho ukuthi umbala, isibonelo, i-Eu3+ noma Nd3+ Ikwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha kakhulu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-compound. Lokhu kuzinza kwe-spectroscopic kuchaza impumelelo yayo kuma-lasers, ama-phosphors, namazinga okulinganisa.
Njengelukuluku lomlando, Ytterby "Idolobhana elincane lezakhi ezine": i-yttrium, i-terbium, i-erbium, ne-ytterbium (kanye ne-echo yazo ngenqwaba yamaminerali nama-oxides). Kuyaxaka futhi ukuthi amagama afana ne-holmium (elithi "Holmia," i-Stockholm) noma i-lutetium (ye-Lutetia/Paris) asikhumbuza ukuthi isayensi imvamisa iwuhambo lomuntu kanye nendawo njengoba kuyikhemikhali.
Ukuvala iluphu yezobuchwepheshe, Ozibuthe be-Nd-Fe-B bashibhile futhi banamandla kakhulu kunozibuthe be-samarium-cobalt. ekusetshenzisweni okuningi, futhi yingakho zibusa kuma-headphone, ama-hard drive kanye nezinzwa; I-didymium (ingxube ye-Pr kanye ne-Nd) inemibala yengilazi futhi ivikela amehlo kumazibuko okushisela, futhi amakristalu e-Nd-doped angabalingiswa bezithombe zesimanje.
Kubonwa ngombono, lonke lolu hambo - kusukela ku- I-mineralogy kusukela ekhulwini le-18 kuya kwezomnotho ezibucayi zekhulu lama-21- ikhombisa ukuthi kungani sincike kakhulu kulezi zinsimbi ezihlukene. Inhlanganisela yazo yezakhiwo kazibuthe, ezibonakalayo, kanye ne-catalytic ayinayo enye into elula, futhi yingakho uchungechunge lwazo lwenani, kusukela ezimayini kuya ekusetshenzisweni kabusha, ludinga ukunakwa okungaka.
Umqondo obalulekile okufanele uhlale ukhumbula ukuthi Inani lesu lezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba alikho ngobuningi bazo.kodwa kunalokho ekugxiliseni kwazo indawo, ukubusa kokucwengwa, kanye nobunzima bobuchwepheshe bokuzihlukanisa. Ngakho-ke, ukuze siqinise ukuqina, sidinga kokubili amaphrojekthi amasha anesibopho, amandla okucubungula asendaweni, ukugaywa kabusha okwengeziwe, namadizayini asebenzisa okubalulekile okuncane ngaphandle kokudela ukusebenza.