Ekugcineni sesibheke emaphethelweni alo nyaka oyinhlekelele ka-2022, unyaka ophelele wokuqeqeshwa kwethu kwezokutshalwa kwezimali, ogcwele imizwa enamandla kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni. Imakethe yamabhere yalo nyaka imakwe ikakhulukazi impi yase-Ukraine, eyabangela inkinga yamandla lokho kusenza sonke sibe nokungabaza, okusiholele emazingeni angalawuleki e-inflation. Yize i-inflation ibonakala ibambe ibhuleki kodwa okwamanje asikazi noma izoqala ukwehla noma izoba namandla futhi iqhubeke nokukhuphuka. Ikusasa lezomnotho lisezandleni zamabhange amakhulu. Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela ukuqeqeshwa kokutshalwa kwezimali kwanamuhla ukukhuluma ngamabhange amakhulu, ukuthi asebenza kanjani nokuthi yimaphi ayinhloko.
Ayini amabhange amakhulu? 路♀️
Ake siqale lolu qeqesho lokutshala izimali ngokuqala sichaze ukuthi liyini ibhange elikhulu. Amabhange amakhulu yizinhlangano zezezimali ezinesibopho sokuphatha uhlobo lwemali lwasendaweni oluhambisanayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi banesibopho sokuklama nokusebenzisa izinqubomgomo zezimali zezwe noma isifunda sezomnotho. Ngamagama alula, ziyizikhungo ezizimele ezizimele ezinamalungelo athile, ngokuyisisekelo ziyibhange lezifundazwe namabhange okuhweba. Lawa mabhizinisi angenzi ngendlela efanayo kuwo wonke amazwe noma izifunda, njengoba ubudlelwano phakathi kwamabhange amakhulu nezinhlangano zikahulumeni bungahluka kuye ngezwe noma isifunda esisunguliwe. Balondoloza ubukhosi nokungathathi hlangothi kwabo ezindabeni zezombangazwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abathinteki ukunyakaza noma izinqumo zabatshalizimali, njengoba kwenzeka ezinhlanganweni zamabhange ezizimele, yingakho zingathonywa amandla emakethe.
Iyini imisebenzi yebhange elikhulu?
Manje njengoba sesazi kancane ngokuthi lezi zinhlangano zezezimali ziyini, ake siqhubeke nokuqeqeshwa kokutshalwa kwezimali ngokubona ukuthi zenza kanjani imisebenzi yazo ehlukene. Ikakhulukazi inhloso yayo ukugcina ukwehla kwamandla emali kusondele ku-2% minyaka yonke ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi ethile:
Ukulawula nokukhishwa kwezinhlobo zemali.️
Amabhange amakhulu ajabulela ilungelo lokuba nesandla ekulawuleni, ekuphathweni nasekukhishweni kwemali yasendaweni. Baphethe ukusatshalaliswa kohlobo lwemali ezimakethe, ukusuka ezweni ukuya esifundeni sonke njengoba kunjalo endaweni ye-euro. Ngokubambisana nalo msebenzi, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-European Central Bank (ECB) ilawula le misebenzi namabhange amaphakathi ezwe ngalinye elingaphansi kwe-eurozone.
Izinqubomgomo zezinga lenzalo.➗
El i-catalyst yomcimbi ubuhle obuthile balo nyaka ka-2022, esixoxe kaningi kwezinye izindatshana zokuqeqesha ukutshalwa kwezimali. Lezi zinqubomgomo zinesibopho sokulawula ukuhlinzekwa kwezimali ezimakethe ngokusebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kwamazinga enzalo. Lokhu kuthinta ngokuqondile izindleko zemali kanye namanani entengo yemali ebolekwe amabhange amakhulu kumabhange azimele (amabhange okuhweba) kanye nezinga lenzalo azolithola kumadiphozithi asebhange. Ngokusebenzisa lezi zilinganiso zenzalo, amabhange azimele asungula izinqubomgomo zenzalo yawo emphakathini, njengemali mboleko yezindlu kanye nama-akhawunti okulondoloza.
Imisebenzi yemakethe evulekile.
Omunye wemisebenzi (engasetshenziswanga kahle) esiye sayibona phakathi nale minyaka ukuthengwa nokudayiswa kwezimpahla zezimali ezimakethe zesibili. Ngalolu hlobo lwemisebenzi, amabhange amakhulu afaka imali etholakalayo (inqubomgomo yemali enwetshiwe) noma anciphise ukuhlinzekwa kwezimali ezimakethe (inqubomgomo yemali evimbelayo). Njengoba sibonile ngesikhathi sodlame, amabhange amakhulu anquma ukuthenga amabhondi kahulumeni, andisa ukutholakala kwemali emazweni noma ezindaweni ezishiwo ukuze kuthuthukiswe umnotho lapho kubhekene nenkinga yomnotho. imiphumela yezomnotho elimazayo kwe-Covid.
Izilinganiso zenzalo ezisetshenziswa ezindaweni ezibekiwe.️
Ikhephithali enikezwa amabhange amakhulu kumabhange azimele inemibandela ethile, okuhlanganisa nesibopho sokugcina iphesenti lemali eliyithola kumakhasimende njengesibambiso. Lawa mazinga asetshenziswa ezigciniwe anqunywa amabhange amakhulu. Ngale ndlela, kungenzeka ukulawula inani lemali esakazwayo, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhoxisa imali emakethe ukuze kubangele ukwanda kwenani layo, okwenza kube lula kakhulu.
Ukuphathwa kweziqiwi ezisemthethweni.燐
Ngokungafani nomkhakha we-cryptocurrency, othinteke kakhulu ngenxa yokungabi bikho obala ezindaweni zokushintshisana ze-FTX, amabhange amaphakathi ayangenelela imakethe yangaphambili lapho uphatha izimali ezigciniwe zezwe noma isifunda ngemali yangaphandle. Lezi zimali ezigciniwe zenziwe ngezimpahla ezifana namabhondi kahulumeni, izimali zakwamanye amazwe, izibambiso nezinsimbi eziyigugu. Lezi zimali ezigciniwe ezisemthethweni zisebenza njengekhava yokukhokhwa kwezikweletu zamazwe/izifunda kanye nokuxhaswa kwazo ngezimali. Ngokulandelayo, zikuvumela ukuthi uthonye amanani okushintshanisa ngokuhweba kwezimali zakwamanye amazwe ngenhloso yokugcina inani lemali yasendaweni.
Yiziphi ezibaluleke kakhulu?⚜️
Manje njengoba sesibuyekeze ukuthi amabhange amakhulu ayini nokuthi iyini imisebenzi yawo eyinhloko nezici, ake siqhubeke nokuqeqeshwa kokutshalwa kwezimali okugqamisa izinhlangano zamabhange amakhulu ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele:
I-US Federal Reserve (FED).
I-United States Federal Reserve, eyaziwa kakhulu ngesifushaniso esithi Fed, iyinhlangano esebenza njengebhange eliphakathi lase-United States. Yasungulwa ngo-August 10, 1914. Okuncomekayo, yibhizinisi elinomthelela omkhulu kuwo wonke umnotho womhlaba, uma kubhekwa ukuthi namuhla idola laseMelika (U$D) lisaqhubeka nokuba yimali esetshenziswa kakhulu ezintendeni zezentengiselwano. Ngaphakathi kwaleli bhizinisi kukhona imikhandlu yababusi abavela ezifundeni ezahlukene zase-US, eqokwa umongameli kahulumeni ophethe futhi yaqinisekiswa yiSigele. Umongameli wayo njengamanje nguJerome Powell. Okwamanje inzalo esetshenziswa yi-Fed iku-4%.
I-European Central Bank (ECB).
I-European Central Bank (ECB) iyigama elifanayo le-Fed ezwenikazi elidala. Leli bhizinisi liphethe ukuphatha izinqubomgomo zezimali endaweni ye-euro (€). Yasungulwa ngo-August 1, 1998. Le nhlangano yakhiwe ngamalungu ayisithupha esigungu esiphezulu se-ECB, kanye nababusi bamabhange amaphakathi amazwe akha indawo ye-euro. Ngokuvamile bahlangana njalo emavikini amabili, banikeze ukubonakala komphakathi nyanga zonke ukuze bamemezele izinguquko kuzinqubomgomo noma bahlaziye umongo womnotho. Umongameli wayo njengamanje nguChristine Lagarde. Okwamanje inzalo esetshenziswa yi-ECB ingu-2%.
IBhange LaseNgilandi (BoE).
IBhange LaseNgilandi (BoE) yinhlangano yomphakathi, okusho ukuthi liziphendulela ezakhamuzini zasePhalamende laseBrithani. Ibhekwa njengebhange elimaphakathi elidala kunawo wonke, elasungulwa ngoJulayi 27, 1694. Le nhlangano iphethe ukuphatha izinqubomgomo zezimali ngepondo lesterling (£). Ibhodi layo labaqondisi liqukethe umbusi, amasekela-babusi amathathu, ochwepheshe abane kanye nosomnotho omkhulu. Kuwo wonke unyaka wekhalenda bahlangana cishe izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili. Umbusi wayo wamanje ngu-Andrew Bailey. Njengamanje amazinga enzalo asetshenziswa yi-BoE ami ku-3%.
Izilinganiso zenzalo zonyaka nezomlando ezisetshenziswa yi-BoE. Umthombo: Global-rates.com.
I-Bank of Japan (BoJ).
IBhange LaseJapan yibhizinisi eliphethe ukuphatha izinqubomgomo zezimali emnothweni waseJapan, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ku-yen yaseJapan (¥). Yasungulwa ngo-June 27, 1882. Njengoba izwe laseJapane liwumbuso elisesiqhingini esincike kakhulu ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe, inhloso eyinhloko yale nhlangano iwukulondoloza inani lemali yaseJapane, ukuze ingabi ngisho naphakathi. ibuthakathaka kakhulu futhi inamandla kakhulu. Lolu hlaka lwakhiwe umbusi, amasekela-babusi amabili namanye amalungu ayisithupha. Ngokuhamba konyaka wekhalenda bahlangana nemvamisa efanayo neyababusi baseBrithani, okungukuthi, izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili.
Izilinganiso zenzalo zonyaka nezomlando ezisetshenziswa yi-BoJ. Umthombo: Global-rates.com.
Kwesinye isikhathi baye bangenelela ekusebenzeni kwemakethe evulekile ukuzama ukwenza buthaka noma ukuqinisa imali yabo ngokuthengisa i-yen ngokumelene nedola laseMelika, i-euro noma i-pound sterling. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, basebenzisa inqubomgomo yezinga lenzalo ehlukile kunokuvamile, ihamba phakathi kuka-0% no-0,1%. Ngaphakathi kwemakethe yokushintshiselana ngemali yangaphandle, ibhekwa ngokudumile njengohlobo lwemali olubekiwe lwenani ngezikhathi zokungaqiniseki, njengoba ngokuvamile ihlukaniswa nezingxabano zezwe ezingaba nomthelela kwezinye umnotho. Umbusi wayo wamanje nguHaruhiko Kuroda. Okwamanje izilinganiso zenzalo ezisetshenziswa yi-BoJ ziku-negative -0,10%, okuyisinqumo esingabazekayo uma kubhekwa isimo esibhekene naso.
I-Swiss National Bank (SNB).️
I-Swiss National Bank (SNB) iyibhizinisi elizimele ngaphansi kombuso elinesibopho sokuphatha izinqubomgomo zezimali nge-Swiss franc (CHF). Yasungulwa ngoJuni 20, 1907 futhi, ngokungafani namaqabane ayo, inezindawo ezimbili; eyodwa edolobheni laseZurich futhi enye eBern. AbaseSwitzerland nabo banesimo esifana nesamaJapane, njengoba bethembele kakhulu ekuthengeni kwamanye amazwe, yingakho bengenasithakazelo ekubeni nemali enamandla kakhulu.
Izilinganiso zenzalo zonyaka nezomlando ezisetshenziswa yi-SNB. Umthombo: Global-rates.com.
Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, izwe laseSwitzerland ngokomlando ligcine izinqubomgomo zenani lenzalo ezilondolozayo, ezihlala kumanani angemuhle kuze kube muva nje. Leli bhizinisi lakhiwe umkhandlu onamalungu amathathu onquma ngezinqubomgomo zenzalo, okuthi, ngokungafani nontanga balo, zinqume ububanzi bezilinganiso zokufaka izicelo kunezinjongo. Ibhodi eliphethe lihlangana njalo ngekota ukuze liqondise ukusetshenziswa okufanele kwalezi zinqubomgomo. Umongameli wayo njengamanje nguThomas Jordan. Njengamanje, ngemuva kokuba iqhwa cishe iminyaka eyishumi, izilinganiso zenzalo zikhushulelwe ku-0,50%, into engazange ihlale kahle ne-Swiss franc okwesikhashana.
Iziphetho ezivela kulolu qeqesho lokutshalwa kwezimali.
Njengoba sibonile kukho konke lokhu kuqeqeshwa kokutshalwa kwezimali, amabhange amakhulu ayinsika ebalulekile emnothweni womhlaba. Ukusetshenziswa okufanele kwezinqubomgomo zezimali ezifana nezilinganiso zenzalo, ukuphathwa kwempahla egciniwe kanye nokusebenza kwemakethe evulekile kuncike kuzo. Ngokulandelayo, sifunde ngomthelela imihlangano abayihlelayo enawo kuzinqubomgomo zezimali. Njengoba sibonile eminyakeni emibili edlule, ukusetshenziswa kabi kokusebenza kwemakethe evulekile kanye nezinqubomgomo zesilinganiso senzalo zezinkampani ezahlukene esizibalile kubangele ukwehla kwamandla emali kufinyelele kumazinga esiwaphethe kabi njengamanje.
