Amazwe akhiqiza uwoyela

Uwoyela uyigolide elimnyama emhlabeni . Uwoyela wenza umhlaba ujikeleze: usetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza uphethiloli, ipulasitiki, neminye imikhiqizo eminingi. Nakuba amazwe amaningi ekhiqiza uwoyela , iSpain ayiyona eyodwa, noma okungenani hhayi ngobuningi obukhulu, futhi kumele inikele ingxenye enkulu yesabelomali sayo sonyaka ekuwuthengeni, ngaleyo ndlela ihlushwa imiphumela yokuguquguquka kwentengo.

Isibonelo, eminyakeni emibili edlule amanani kawoyela abe sezingeni eliphansi emlandweni, okwaholela ekongeni okukhulu kwamazwe angenisa impahla njengeSpain… kodwa ukube ayekhuphukile, amanani ngabe akhuphuke ngochungechunge, aqala ngophethiloli futhi athinte izimpilo zabantu kulo lonke izwe.

Intengo kawoyela isethwe kanjani

Intengo kawoyela ibekwa ngamabhareli , hhayi ngamalitha noma amagaloni, futhi njengoba uwoyela uyimpahla ezinzile, intengo yawo inqunywa ukutholakala kanye nesidingo.

Le nhlangano ilawula, ngokususelwa ekukhiqizweni kwayo, izinga likawoyela emhlabeni ukusetha intengo futhi ingavumeli isimo sayo esishubile sihlanye umhlaba wonke, njengoba kwenzeka ngeminyaka yama-70 ngenkinga kawoyela e-United States.

Ngokuphambene nalokho, amazwe angaphandle kwenhlangano, njengeRussia, alawula ukukhiqizwa kwawo kanye namanani awo ngokuzimela, evame ukusebenzisa uwoyela njengesikhali sezomnotho ngokumelene namazwe angamakhasimende awo, futhi enza okufanayo ngegesi. Okulandelayo, sizohlola amazwe akhiqiza uwoyela abaluleke kakhulu.

Amazwe amakhulu akhiqiza uwoyela

Amazwe akhiqiza uwoyela akuwona amalungu enhlangano yangaphambilini, kodwa empeleni ayiwo.

Uhla lwamazwe amakhulu akhiqiza uwoyela aluhlali lufana, empeleni, muva nje iVenezuela, elinye lamazwe aphakathi 'kwabayishumi abaphezulu' liwele kweleshumi nantathu, kwaba yimpikiswano yokuthi ngabe iyimbangela noma uphawu lwe Inkinga yaseVenezuela.

Ngokusho kolwazi lwe-CIA, sethula amazwe akhiqiza uwoyela ahamba phambili emhlabeni.

Kuwait

Liyizwe leshumi ngobukhulu emhlabeni elikhiqiza uwoyela . Ukukhiqizwa kwalo kungama-2,7 million barrels kawoyela, okumele cishe u-3% womkhiqizo womhlaba wonke. Labhekana nempi ngenxa "yophenyo" olwenziwa uSaddam Hussein ezweni ngo-1990, iMpi yasePersian Gulf edumile.

Izinqolobane zayo kulinganiselwa ukuthi zinesikhathi seminyaka eyi-100, okuyisisekelo semali esiqinile sezwe.

I-México

IMexico iyizwe leshumi nanye elikhulu kakhulu emhlabeni elithumela kwamanye amazwe , futhi ikhiqiza imiphongolo engaba yizigidi ezingu-2,85, ngamathuba amahle ngenxa yezinguquko izwe elidlula kuzo kanye nokutholwa kwemithombo kawoyela enezindawo ezinkulu zokugcina uwoyela esikhathini esizayo.

Imali etholakala ngokuthunyelwa kwayo uwoyela imele i-10% yemali engenayo yezwe lonke.

I-Iran

I-Iran ikhiqiza imiphongolo eyizigidi ezingu-3.4 , futhi ngenxa yezindawo zayo zokugcina kanye nemithombo engasetshenziswanga, ibhekwa njengezwe elibizwa ngokuthi 'elinamandla amakhulu'.

Leyo migqomo eyisigidi esingu-3.4 imele u-5,1% wamafutha wonke ahamba emhlabeni nsuku zonke. Imali etholakala kulokhu kuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe imele u-60% wemali engenayo ephelele yase-Iran.

Futhi lokho akubaliwe ezinqolobaneni zayo eziqinisekisa inani elikhulu lemali engenayo, hhayi ngamafutha kuphela, kodwa nogesi nomoya. I-Iran izonikeza okuningi okuzokhulunywa ngakho.

I-United Arab Emirates

I-United Arab Emirates yinhlangano ese-Arabia eyakhiwe yi-Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaima, Sarja kanye ne-Umm al-Qaywayn.

Ngokubambisana bakhiqiza imiphongolo ezungeze izigidi ezingama-3.5, ikakhulukazi ekhiqizwa yi-Abu Dhabi, iDubai neSarja, izikhungo eziyinhloko zokukhishwa ketshezi e-United Arab Emirates.

Banenqolobane yemiphongolo ebalelwa ezigidini eziyikhulu. Banemali eningi kakhulu ngenxa yayo yokuthi bayazivumela ukutakelana.

IDubai naphezu kwakho konke, ilungiselela ukuzikhulula emafutheni futhi isekele umnotho wayo ngokuncipha kuketshezi nokuningi kwezokuvakasha nakwezamabhizinisi.

Iraq

I-Iraq ijeziswa kanzima ngezinkinga zayo zezombangazwe, izingxabano zangaphakathi, i-Al-Qaeda, ukuhlaselwa kwakamuva kweDaesh, nezwe elijeziswe ngokungenelela kwezempi okuhlala iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi.

Naphezu kwalokhu, i-Iraq iyizwe elinezindawo zokugcina uwoyela zesihlanu ngobukhulu emhlabeni , iningi lazo lisemasimini angakathintwa, kodwa likhiqiza cishe imiphongolo kawoyela eyizigidi ezine, enikeza u-94% wamandla ezwe kanye no-66% wemali engenayo yezwe.

Kulindeleke ikusasa elihle ezweni lapho lixazulula izinkinga zalo.

Canada

Elinye izwe laseNyakatho Melika ohlwini lwamazwe abaluleke kakhulu akhiqiza uwoyela...

ICanada ine-0,5% kuphela yabantu emhlabeni, kepha ikhiqiza ngaphezu kuka-5% kawoyela ohamba emhlabeni.

Ikhiqiza cishe imiphongolo eyizigidi ezingama-4,5, nokuthi izinqolobane zayo zifinyelela emiphongolweni eyizigidi ezingama-180.000, okuyindawo yesithathu enkulu yokugcina uwoyela emhlabeni.

'Inkinga' yaseCanada ukuthi iningi lezinqolobane zalo lisemiphandweni yetiyela, okwenza kube nzima ukukhishwa kwayo. Lapho ubuchwepheshe busenza ubuchwepheshe bokukhipha bushibhile, ukukhiqizwa okungcolile kwaseCanada kuzokhula.

China

Ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela ongahluziwe waseChina bekwenyuka ngokuqhubekayo eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu edlule, kuthatha ukukhula okungalindelekile nokukhulu eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu edlule, ngenxa yokuvulwa komnotho okwenziwe nguhulumeni.

Ikhiqiza cishe amabhareli ayizigidi ezingu-4.6 kawoyela ongahluziwe , kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwawo kukhulu kakhulu, kuseyizwe elithenga uwoyela ongahluziwe kwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi eRussia nakwamanye amazwe ase-Asia nase-Arab.

Izinqolobane zayo zilinganiselwe, cishe noma ngaphansi, imigqomo eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-20, kepha kulindeleke ukuthi ngenxa ye-fracking (fracturing fracturing) ukukhiqizwa kwayo nezinqolobane zayo kuzokhula kakhulu.

Rusia

I-Russia iyisidlakela kukho konke futhi ngamafutha besingazukuyithola isithende sayo i-Achilles.

Imiphongolo yayo yamafutha eyizigidi ezingu-11 imelela u-13-14% wamafutha angcolile athengiswa emhlabeni wonke.

Izinqolobane zayo zingokwesithathu ngobukhulu ezweni, kungabalwa konke okungahluziwe okufihliwe ngaphansi kweqhwa laseSiberia nasenyakatho neRussia, e-Arctic, futhi ngaphansi kweqhwa eliqinile futhi eliqinile.

Masikhumbule ukuthi iRussia imele, endaweni eyodwa, ingxenye yesithupha yendawo yonke yomhlaba, okusenza sibone ukuthi ayisebenzisi ngokuphelele yonke imali yayo.

I-Arabia saudí

Kuze kube muva nje, yayiyinkampani enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ekhiqiza uwoyela ongahluziwe, enamabhareli kawoyela acishe abe yizigidi ezingu-12. Izindawo zayo zokugcina uwoyela ongahluziwe zodwa zimelela u-5% wezindawo zokugcina uwoyela ongahluziwe emhlabeni, futhi ingxenye enkulu yalokho ayikasetshenziswa.

Ngoba ukukhiqizwa kwayo kwehlile ngokuthanda ezinye izinhlobo zamandla nophethiloli, ilahlekelwe indawo yokuqala.

United States

Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwe-fracking kanye nokwanda kokuxhashazwa kwamasimu ayo kawoyela, leli lizwe lesithathu ngobukhulu eNyakatho Melika lihola umhlaba ekukhiqizweni kukawoyela ongahluziwe ngamabhareli acishe abe yizigidigidi eziyi-14. Ngenxa yokutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kwezobuchwepheshe, bakwazile ukusebenzisa izindlela zesimanje zokukhipha uwoyela ongahluziwe, njengalezo ezisetshenziswa esihlabathini setiyela kanye nokwakheka kwe-shale.

Yize bengumkhiqizi omkhulu kunabo bonke ongahluziwe emhlabeni, banenkinga yaseChina: balanda inani elingcolile eliningi eMexico naseCanada, amanye amazwe amabili kawoyela, njengoba isidingo sabo siqhubeka nokudlula umthamo wabo wokukhiqiza.

Isihloko esihlobene:

Ukutshala imali ku-oyela: imakethe esebenzayo kakhulu ngo-2016

Amazwe anezinqolobane ezinkulu zikawoyela emhlabeni

Akunjalo ukuthi izwe elikhiqiza uwoyela likwenza ube ngcono, mhlawumbe singabona amazwe akhiqiza uwoyela womhlaba enombono omkhulu: bona ukuthi yimaphi anayo, ngaphezu komkhiqizo omkhulu, indawo ebekiwe eqinisekisa isikhundla esinjalo nokuzinza esikhathini esizayo .

Amazwe anezinqolobane ezinkulu zikawoyela emhlabeni

(izinombolo ziyizigidigidi)

1. IVenezuela - 297,6
2. ISaudi Arabia - 267,9
3. ECanada - 173,1
4. I-Iran - 154,6
5. I-Iraq - 141,4
6. I-Kuwait - 104
7. I-United Arab Emirates - 97,8
8. I-Russia - 80
9. ILibya - 48
10. ENigeria - 37,2
11. IKazakhstan - 30
12. I-Qatar - 25,380
13. I-United States of America - 20,680
14. I-China - 17,300
15. IBrazil - 13,150
16. I-Algeria - 12,200
17. I-Angola - 10,470
18. IMexico - 10,260
19. I-Ecuador - 8,240
20. I-Azerbaijan - 7

Abathumeli abakhulu bakawoyela

Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi yimaphi amazwe akhethe ukuthumela kwamanye amazwe kakhulu futhi asekele umnotho wawo cishe ngokuphelele ku-oyili. Sibona izimo ezifana ne-Iran, iMexico, neVenezuela, lapho ukwehla kwamanani, njengalokho esikubonile ezinyangeni zamuva nje, kunomthelela omkhulu kwisabelomali sawo.

Ngalolu hlu lokugcina uzokwazi ukubona kangcono impilo yamazwe nokuthi iliphi elilawula kahle uwoyela wawo.

• E-Afrika: Algeria, Angola, Libya neNigeria.
• EMiddle East sineSaudi Arabia, i-United Arab Emirates, i-Iraq ne-Kuwait.
• ENingizimu Melika sine-Ecuador neVenezuela.

Futhi ekugcineni, abakhiqizi abakhulu nabathumeli ngaphandle, abangewona amalungu e-OPEC, sineCanada, iSudan, iMexico, i-United Kingdom, iNorway, iRussia ne-Oman.

Ingabe uhlu lwamazwe akhiqiza uwoyela luzoshintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi? Kungenzeka, kodwa iningi lalawo esiwabonile beliphezulu ohlwini lokukhiqiza iminyaka eminingi, ngakho-ke ushintsho ngeke lwenzeke maduze.

Amazwe amakhulu adla uwoyela

Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwemali, sinamazwe adla imigqomo eminingi nsuku zonke. Kwezinye izimo, njenge-United States, yize iphakathi kwabakhiqizi abakhulu bakawoyela, isadinga ukungenisa uwoyela omningi kunalowo owukhiqizayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukufunwa kwayo kusese kukhulu kunomkhiqizo engakunikeza. Ukubukisisa nokuthola umbono womhlaba wonke walesi simo, singabona ohlwini olulandelayo ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kwezwe ngalinye, kanye nokusetshenziswa okujwayelekile kukawoyela ngeyunithi ngayinye yezakhamizi.

Ngokusekelwe kudatha yango-2019, ngo-2018, lawa kwakungama -barrel (ngezinkulungwane) asetshenziswa ngosuku yizwe ngalinye:

1. I-United States: 20.456
2. I-China: 13.525
3. ENdiya: 5.156
4. EJapan: 3.854
5. ISaudi Arabia: 3.724
6. ERussia: 3.228
7. EBrazil: 3.081
8. INingizimu Korea: 2.793
9. ECanada: 2.447
10. EJalimane: 2.321
11. E-Iran: 1.879
12. EMexico: 1.812
13. E-Indonesia: 1.785
14. UK: 1.618
15. EFrance: 1.607
16. IThailand: 1.478
17. ISingapore: 1.449
18. I-Spain: 1.335
19. E-Italy: 1.253
20. E-Australia: 1.094

Yiziphi izinto ezithonya lokhu kwehluka?

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona usayizi wabantu , kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinga lengcebo ezweni ngalinye . Singachaza le ngcebo ngenzuzo yomuntu ngamunye. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani i-United States, naphezu kokuba yizwe elinabantu abaningi, isebenzisa uwoyela omningi kangaka (cishe amabhareli angu-22 ngosuku ngomuntu ngamunye). Eqinisweni, inani labantu bayo lisebenzisa, ngokwesilinganiso, okuphindwe kabili kunalokho umuntu waseSpain angakusebenzisa (cishe amabhareli ayi-10 ngosuku ngomuntu ngamunye). Yingakho amazwe anabantu abaningi kodwa angenayo imali ephansi kakhulu ngomuntu ngamunye, njengeShayina, esebenzisa uwoyela omncane kune-United States.

Isibonelo, iChina neNdiya banabantu abacishe bafane, i-India inabantu abambalwa. Kodwa-ke, izinga lomnotho waseChina liphakeme, yingakho ukusetshenziswa kukawoyela nakho kwakuphezulu.

Umgqomo ngamunye kawoyela ubiza ngokwesilinganiso esilinganisweni samanje cishe ngama- $ 55, isilinganiso esingadluliselwa ku-2018. Ukusetshenziswa kwemiphongolo eyi-1.335.000, okuyilokho iSpain eyisebenzise ngosuku, kwakubiza u- $ 73.500.000 nsuku zonke.