Yiziphi izinqubomgomo zokulwa nokushushumbiswa kwemali (AML)?

Izinqubomgomo zokulwa nokushushumbiswa kwemali zibhekisela ohlakeni lwemithetho, imithethonqubo nezinqubo ezihloselwe ukudalula imizamo yokufihla izimali ezingekho emthethweni njengemali engenayo esemthethweni. Umthetho omelene nokushushumbiswa kwezimali wawuyimpendulo ekukhuleni kwemboni yezezimali, ukususwa kokulawulwa kwezimali emhlabeni wonke kanye nokwanda kokulula kokwenza amaketango ayinkimbinkimbi emisebenzi yezezimali. Ake sibone ukuthi izinqubomgomo zokulwa nokushushumbiswa kwemali zihlanganisani. 

Yiziphi izinqubomgomo zokulwa nokushushumbiswa kwemali (AML)?

Izinqubomgomo zokulwa nokushushumbiswa kwemali zibhekisela ohlakeni lwemithetho, imithethonqubo nezinqubo ezihloselwe ukudalula imizamo yokufihla izimali ezingekho emthethweni njengemali engenayo esemthethweni. Ukushushumbisa imali kuhloswe ukufihla ubugebengu obusukela ekugwemeni intela kwabancane kanye nokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa kuya enkohlakalweni yomphakathi kanye nokuxhaswa ngezimali kwamaqembu aqokwe njengezinhlangano zamaphekula. Umthetho omelene nokushushumbiswa kwezimali wawuyimpendulo ekukhuleni kwemboni yezezimali, ukususwa kokulawulwa kwezimali emhlabeni wonke kanye nokwanda kokulula kokwenza amaketango ayinkimbinkimbi emisebenzi yezezimali. Iphaneli ye-United Nations esezingeni eliphakeme ilinganisele ukugeleza kwemali ngokungemthetho ku-$1,6 trillion, okuzomela u-2,7% we-GDP yomhlaba ngo-2020.

Isebenza kanjani Izinqubomgomo ze-AML

Emabhange, ukuthobelana kuqala ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi angobani amakhasimende amasha, inqubo ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi “Yazi Ikhasimende Lakho” (KYC). Ngokungeziwe ekutholeni ubunikazi bekhasimende, amabhange kufanele aqonde uhlobo lomsebenzi wekhasimende futhi aqinisekise ukuthi izimali ezidiphozithiwe zivela emthonjeni osemthethweni. 

Yazi ikhasimende lakho

Emabhange, ukuthobelana kuqala ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi angobani amakhasimende amasha, inqubo ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi “Yazi Ikhasimende Lakho” (KYC). Ngokungeziwe ekutholeni ubunikazi bekhasimende, amabhange kufanele aqonde uhlobo lomsebenzi wekhasimende futhi aqinisekise ukuthi izimali ezidiphozithiwe zivela emthonjeni osemthethweni. Inqubo ye-KYC idinga futhi amabhange nabaxhumanisi ukuthi bahlole amakhasimende amasha ngokumelene nezinhlu zabasolwa ngobugebengu, abantu ngabanye kanye nezinkampani ezingaphansi kwenswinyo yezomnotho, “nabantu abadalulwe ngokwepolitiki”, okungukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni zakwamanye amazwe, imindeni yabo kanye nabangane babo. Ukushushumbisa imali kungahlukaniswa izigaba ezintathu:

1. Idiphozithi yezimali ezingekho emthethweni ohlelweni lwezezimali
2. Okwenziwayo okudizayinelwe ukufihla umsuka wezimali ongekho emthethweni, okwaziwa ngele-“stratification”
3. Ukusetshenziswa kwezimali ezintshontshiwe ukuze kutholwe izindlu ezithengiswayo, amathuluzi ezezimali noma ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezohwebo.

Ukukhuthala Kwekhasimende

Ukukhuthala okufanele kwekhasimende kuyingxenye ebalulekile yenqubo ye-CSC, ngokwesibonelo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ulwazi ikhasimende okungenzeka linikeza lona lunembile futhi lusemthethweni. Kodwa futhi kuyinqubo eqhubekayo efinyelela kumakhasimende amadala namasha kanye nokuthengiselana kwawo. Ukukhuthala okufanele kwekhasimende kudinga ukucutshungulwa okuqhubekayo kwengozi yokukhwabanisa imali edalwa yikhasimende ngalinye kanye nokusetshenziswa kwaleyo ndlela esekelwe ebungozini ukuze kwenziwe uphenyo olunzulu kulabo abahlonzwe njengabasengozini enkulu yokungathobeli imithetho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlonza amakhasimende njengoba engezwa ohlwini lwezinhlawulo nolunye uhlu olumelene nokushushumbiswa kwemali. Le nqubo ihlose ukuthola amasu okushushumbisa imali, njengokubeka izingqimba nokuhlela, okubuye kwaziwe ngokuthi "i-smurfing", okungukuthi, ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi emikhulu yokushushumbisa imali ibe emincane ukuze kweqe imikhawulo yokubika futhi kugwenywe ukucutshungulwa.