Esihlokweni sokugcina sokuqeqeshwa kwakho kokutshalwa kwezimali sikhulume nge amabhange amakhulu, indlela abasebenza ngayo kanye nomthelela abanawo ezimakethe zezimali. Ngaphakathi kwendikimba yalezi zihloko sizama ukukhuluma ngezihloko zokucebisa ukuqeqeshwa kwakho kokutshalwa kwezimali ezindaweni ezahlukene. Njengoba sibonile kuwo wonke lo nyaka, wezi-2022, enye yezimboni ezihlomule kakhulu (uma kungeyona eyodwa kwezimbalwa) kube yi i-petroleum. Futhi njengoba singafuni ukuthi utshale imali kulo mkhakha ngaphandle kolwazi lwangaphambili, esihlokweni sanamuhla sokuqeqeshwa kwakho kokutshala izimali sizokwenza ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwemboni kawoyela; kusukela emvelaphi yayo, indlela yokutshala imali kuyo, izici zayo ezinhle nezimbi nokunye okuningi...
Yini uwoyela?路♀️
Ake siqale lolu qeqesho lokutshala izimali embonini kawoyela ngokuchaza ukuthi uyini uwoyela. Njengoba sazi kahle, uwoyela ungenye yezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokusetshenziswa emhlabeni jikelele. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kudlulela ezimbonini nasezimbonini eziningi, njengoba lapho icwengisisiwe ingasetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa okuningi. Yebo, ngaphambi kokuba acwengwe, amafutha abizwa ngokuthi “amafutha angahluziwe”, njengoba kuyisimo lapho akhishwa khona oqweqweni loMhlaba. Okulandelayo sizohlola umsuka kawoyela nokuthi watholakala kanjani. Kwabaningi kubhekwa "igolide elimnyama."
Uyini umsuka kawoyela?
Umsuka kawoyela uhlehlela emuva ezigidini zeminyaka. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi eside, kuye kwaba nenqubo yokubola kwezinsalela zezinto eziphilayo (kokubili izilwane nezitshalo) ezibuthana kancane kancane olwandle nasemhlabeni. Kancane kancane lezi zinsalela eziphilayo zagqitshwa ngaphansi kwezinkulungwane zezingqimba zenhlabathi.
Ngokufezwa kwale nqubo, kwakhiwa izingqimba ezengeziwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi ukucindezela kwalezi zinkulungwane zezingqimba kwabangela ukubola lapho umoya-mpilo ungayeki. Le nqubo ibangele ukuthi izinkulungwane zezingqimba zezinsalela zezinto eziphilayo ezinqwabelene ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kulezi zimo zigcine sezenze inhlanganisela yoketshezi olunamafutha, enokuminyana okuningi kunamanzi nombala omnyama. Igesi yemvelo nayo yenziwa ngale nqubo efanayo. Kuthathwa njengezinto ezisetshenziswayo nezingavuseleleki.
Angakhishwa kuphi amafutha?️
Njengoba sisanda kuchaza esigabeni esandulele, uwoyela wakhiwa inqubo yokubola kwezinsalela eziphilayo zezilwane nezitshalo ezinqwabelene, phakathi kokunye, ekujuleni kolwandle. Ngakho-ke, izindawo lapho amadiphozi kawoyela ngokuvamile atholakala khona ukuthi akhishwe ngokuvamile atholakala ekujuleni kolwandle, ezindaweni ezisogwini nasemilonyeni yemifula, amachibi noma abanye. Phakathi kwezinye izici eziningi esizozibona kamuva kulokhu kuqeqeshwa kokutshalwa kwezimali, ukukhishwa kukawoyela ngaphansi kwalezi zimo kubatshazwa kakhulu ngenxa yezinhlekelele zemvelo ezingase zibangele (futhi esezibangele izikhathi eziningi).
Imephu yezinqolobane zikawoyela zomhlaba. Umthombo: EIA/ARI.
Yiziphi izifunda ezinowoyela omningi?
Ngokwezinga elikhulu, kunezifunda ezithile zomhlaba lapho izimo zezulu nezemvelo ziye zathanda inqubo yokwakhiwa kukawoyela, njengeVenezuela, Canada, Russia, Brazil, United States kanye namazwe ahlukene ePersian Gulf, njenge-Iran, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait kanye Qatar.
Yebo, kufanele sihlukanise phakathi kwezimali ezigciniwe ezitholakalayo ukuze kukhishwe emalini ebekiwe kanye nokukhiqizwa kwazo, uma kubhekwa ukuthi kunezifunda ezinemali egciniwe enkulu kumadiphozithi azo ngaphandle kokukhishwa (ukukhiqizwa) kwazo zonke. Njengoba sibona emagrafu amabili esiwabalulile kulesi sigaba, siyabona ukuthi umehluko phakathi kwamazwe aneziqiwu ezinkulu kanye nabakhiqizi abakhulu kakhulu uyahluka, lapho lawo anemithombo eminingi egciniwe engewona lawo akhiqiza okuningi okufanayo.
Akhishwa kanjani uwoyela?樂
Ukukhishwa kukawoyela (njengoba sike saphawula ngaphambilini kulokhu kuqeqeshwa kokutshalwa kwezimali) kuyimpikiswano ngandlela thize ngenxa yemiphumela yemvelo engase ibangelwe izingozi phakathi nokuwukhipha noma ukuthuthwa kwawo. Njengoba sesishilo, uwoyela utholakala kakhulu ekujuleni kolwandle, okusho ukuthi ngaphambi kokuwukhipha, kufanele kwenziwe ucwaningo lwe-topographic ukuze kuhlaziywe indawo okuhloswe ngayo ukuxhashazwa, ukuze lokho kwenziwe ngokuphepha. Amafutha ngokuvamile atholakala cishe ngamamitha angu-5.000 ukushona.
Lokhu kuhilela ukubhoboza emhlabathini nokufaka amapayipi akhethekile nezinhlelo zokugcina. Ngesikhathi uwoyela ekhishwa, kuye ngezinga lokucwengisiswa okusetshenzisiwe, okuphuma kuwoyela ongahluziwe kungatholakala, njenge-methane, i-butane, i-parafini, i-petroli, i-tar kanye nezinye izinhlanganisela.
Atholwa nini amafutha?
Uwoyela njengoba siwucabanga namuhla awuzange utholakale kwaze kwaba yilapho kufika ikhulu le-1859, lapho ngo-XNUMX indoda okuthiwa u-Edwin Drake yakwazi, ngemva kwezinyanga zomzamo nokucwaninga, ukuphuma kungazelelwe oqweqweni loMhlaba eSigodini sase-Oil Creek. USA) yenkampani yakwaSeneca Amafutha. Lona umthombo wokuqala kawoyela wenkathi yanamuhla, wona owabhebhethekisa "ukushesha kwamafutha."
Ngaphambilini, ezikhathini zasendulo, amarekhodi omlando okusetshenziswa kwawo atholakale, njengabantu baseMesopotamiya abahweba nge-asphalt, uphethiloli nebitumen. Amarekhodi emithombo kawoyela aphinde atholakala e-Iran asukela ku-500 BC futhi eShayina bawukhipha ngezigxobo zoqalo namashubhu ethusi ukuze zisetshenziswe ekhaya kanye nokukhanyisa.
Isebenza kanjani imboni kawoyela?⚙️
Imboni kawoyela idlula ezinqubweni ezehlukene, ezinjengokukhipha, ukucwengwa kanye nokuhweba. Ake sijule ukuze sinqume ingxenye ngayinye yemboni kawoyela:
1. Enhla nomfula.️
Kule ngxenye yibona ababhekele ukuxhashazwa nokukhiqizwa kukawoyela. Izinkampani eziphethe zizinikele ekutholeni izindawo zokugcina uwoyela futhi ziwakhiphe. Lezi zinkampani ziphinde zibhekelele ukwakhiwa nokugcinwa kwemithombo kawoyela isesimweni esihle kanjalo nendawo yokuhlala nokunakekela abasebenzi.
2. I-Midstream.️
Le ngxenye ibhekisela ezinkampanini zemboni kawoyela eziphethe ukuthutha uwoyela usuka emithonjeni kawoyela uyiswe ezindaweni zokuhluzwa. Ukuthuthwa kukawoyela kungenziwa ngezindlela ezahlukene kuye ngendawo akuyo kanye nenkampani ewuphethe. Njengoba sesivele sazi, ukuthuthwa kukawoyela kungenziwa ngojantshi, imikhumbi emikhulu, amaloli noma amapayipi.
3. Phansi komfula.⛽
Le ngxenye ihlanganisa izinqubo zokucwenga uwoyela, okungukuthi, iziza lapho ithunyelwa khona ngemva kokukhishwa. Lolu hlelo lwenziwa yizinkampani okuthi, ngaphandle kokwenza umsebenzi wokucwenga, ziphinde zikhiqize izinto eziphuma kuwoyela ukuze ekugcineni zimakethwe ngezinga elikhulu.
Ichazwa kanjani intengo kawoyela? ⚖️
Ngokuyinhloko intengo kawoyela isekelwe esimisweni esesixoxile kakade kwezinye izihloko zokuqeqesha ukutshalwa kwezimali; ngokuhlinzekwa nokufunwa. Yiqiniso, njengoba sesishilo kakade kwenye i-athikili ekhuluma ngemakethe yempahla eluhlaza ngohlaka olujwayelekile, intengo kawoyela ingaphinde isetshenziswe abakhiqizi bawo, njengoba sesivele sazibonela kulo nyaka ngempi yase-Ukraine. Kunenhlangano ethile enomthelela omkhulu entengo kawoyela:
I-OPEC (Inhlangano Yamazwe Athumela Uphethiloli).
Le nhlangano, eyasungulwa ngo-1962 e-Geneva (enekomkhulu lamanje e-Vienna, e-Austria) iwumfelandawonye wamazwe ayi-13 alawula ukukhiqizwa nokuthunyelwa kukawoyela (ngemiphongolo engaba amalitha ayi-160) evela ezifundeni ezihlukene ezakha lolu mbimbi. Le nhlangano iqhamuke ekunganelisekini kwamazwe azinikele ekuxhashazweni nasekukhiqizeni uwoyela ngokumelene nezinkampani ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe ezasebenzisa lesi sisetshenziswa esibalulekile. Njengamanje ihlanganisa i-Angola, Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Republic of the Congo, United Arab Emirates, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria kanye neVenezuela.
Emlandweni wabo baye babona izinguquko kumalungu abo, njengokushiywa kwamazwe afana neQatar, i-Ecuador noma i-Indonesia, noma ukuhlanganiswa kwamanye amazwe angu-11, kuhlanganise neRussia. Ngokungena kwalawa madlelandawonye ayi-11, i-OPEC+ iyaqondwa. Le nhlangano inomthelela omkhulu emananini kawoyela, uma kubhekwa ukuthi ino-81% wezinqolobane zikawoyela emhlabeni, ama-43% okukhiqizwa komhlaba kanye nama-34,9% okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.
Yiziphi izehlakalo zomlando ezithinte intengo kawoyela?
Phambilini, izingxabano zezwe ziye zagcina ziguqule kakhulu intengo kawoyela, njengango-1973 lapho i-US ingena enkingeni kawoyela, lapho izwe lonke liphelelwa yimpahla kawoyela, kwathatha amanani kawoyela afika emazingeni aphezulu kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Lo mcimbi uphinde waholela umnotho womhlaba ekuwohlokeni okukhulu komnotho okwathatha iminyaka engaphezu kweyi-10 nokuholele ku-Persian Gulf War eminyakeni eyalandela.
Siphinde sabona ukuthi intengo yezinkontileka zekusasa likawoyela yehla kanjani yafinyelela kumazinga angemahle ngesikhathi sokuvalwa kwe-Covid19, lapho bekunesidingo esincane noma singekho nhlobo sikawoyela. Lo mcimbi ubangele ukuthi ikusasa likawoyela (CL1!) lifinyelele izinga eliphansi elingokomlando lama- -40,32 dollars.
Singatshala kanjani embonini kawoyela?路♂️
Ake sibheke ngezansi izindlela ezehlukene okufanele sitshale ngazo embonini kawoyela:
Ukugcinwa kwemiphongolo kawoyela ebonakalayo.️
Inketho yokuqala okufanele siyitshale kuwoyela ukuthola imiphongolo ebonakalayo, okungukuthi, ukugcina imiphongolo eshiwo. Yebo, akuyona into elula kakhulu kubatshalizimali uma inikezwe ukuthi inezithiyo ezithile ezifana nokugcinwa kanye nokwelashwa kwayo okulungile ngenxa yamazinga ayo anobuthi nezinye izici.
Amasheya ezinkampani zikawoyela.
Enye yezindlela ezinhle kakhulu zokutshala uwoyela ngokutshala imali emasheya ezinkampani ezizinikele ekuxhashazweni, ekukhiqizeni, ekucwengisweni nasekuthuthweni kukawoyela. Lezi zinkampani zivamise ukwazisa kakhulu lapho amanani kawoyela enyuka, nakuba ziphinde zilimale uma amanani ehla. Ngokulandelayo, ukusebenza kwenkampani ngayinye kungase kuhluke, uma kubhekwa ukuthi inani lentengo kawoyela liyimbangela eyinhloko yokunyakaza kwalezi zinkampani, nakuba ukuphathwa okufanele kwezinkampani kanye nemali engenayo/inzuzo eziyitholayo nakho kuncike kakhulu . Ezinye zezinkampani zikawoyela ezaziwayo kulo mkhakha yi-Occidental Petroleum (OXY), Exxon Mobil (XOM), BP plc. (BP), Chevron (CVX) noma Repsol (REP).
Ikusasa likawoyela.
Ikusasa likawoyela izinkontileka zesikhathi esizayo lapho abathengi nabathengisi bakawoyela bexhumanisa futhi bavume ukuletha amanani athile kawoyela ongahluziwe ophathekayo ngedethi ethile esikhathini esizayo, yingakho igama. Uwoyela ongahluziwe uthengiswa ku-ICE kanye ne-NYMEX, nezinsuku zokulethwa kwezinyanga eziyishumi nambili zonyaka. Inkontileka ngayinye yesikhathi esizayo yakhiwa imiphongolo kawoyela ongahluziwe engu-1.000 futhi ukuhluka kwawo komkhaza noma inani elincane kuyidola elingu-0,01 umphongolo ngamunye, okungukuthi, amadola ayi-10 ngenkontileka ngayinye. Ngaphakathi kwekusasa likawoyela singahlukanisa izimakethe ezimbili ezihlukene: -I-West Texas Intermediate (WTI) ekhishwa eTexas nase-Oklahoma. -Brent crude oil (BRENT) ekhishwa eNorth Sea. Lokhu kumnandi futhi kulula, yingakho kubhekwa njengowoyela wekhwalithi ephezulu.
Ama-CFD kawoyela.
Ama-CFD (Izinkontileka Zomehluko) afana nezinkontileka zesikhathi esizayo esixoxile ngazo endimeni edlule. Kodwa ngokungafani nekusasa, ama-CFD awanalo usuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi, anemali engcono yokuxoxisana ngezikhundla futhi anezindleko eziphansi zezimali, amakhomishini kanye nezimali zokuvula kunozakwabo. Lokhu kuzibeka njengomkhiqizo ofanele kubatshalizimali bezitolo ukuze bathole ukuchayeka embonini kawoyela.
Ama-ETF kawoyela.狀
Le mikhiqizo (esevele sikufundisa kwesinye isihloko ngokuqeqeshwa kwakho kokutshalwa kwezimali) sivumele ukuthi sitshale embonini kawoyela ngendlela ehlukahlukene. Yiqiniso, lolu hlobo lomkhiqizo alunaki amafutha angokwenyama, ngokuvamile lusekelwe ekupheleni kwezinkontileka zalo zesikhathi esizayo. Ngakho-ke, ama-ETF kawoyela asekelwe ekuhlanganeni phakathi kwekusasa nenani elilindelekile likawoyela. Ama-ETF angcono kakhulu anikeza ukuchayeka embonini kawoyela i-Energy Selector Sector SPDR Fund (XLE), i-Vanguard Energy ETF (VDE), i-SPDR S&P Oil & Gas Exploration & Production ETF (XOP), iShares US Energy ETF (YEYE) noma i-iShares Global Energy ETF (IXC).
Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zokutshala imali kuwoyela.✅
Njengoba ungenye yezinto zokusetshenziswa ezifunwa kakhulu iningi lemikhakha nezimboni zomhlaba wonke, uwoyela uwutshalomali oluhle lwesikhathi eside. Isidingo sawo asishintshi, siletha izinzuzo ezinhle kakhulu ngezikhathi zokwehla kwamandla emali futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo siyinzuzo edingekayo ekukhuleni komnotho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengoba kuyisigaba sempahla esinemali eningi, uma sitshala amasheya ezinkampani embonini kawoyela, singathola izabelo ezivame ukunikeza izinzuzo ezinhle kakhulu. Okokugcina, kungase futhi kube ireferensi yezinhlobo zemali zokuhweba lapho izindaba ezihlobene namafutha zenzeka, njengoba sichazile ezihlokweni ezedlule mayelana nokuhlobana kwezinhlobo zemali nezinto zokusetshenziswa.
Ububi obukhulu bokutshala imali kuwoyela.❌
Njengoba sibonile kulo nyaka wonke, uwoyela uyisigaba sempahla esine-octane eningi, okungukuthi, ihlushwa ukuguquguquka okukhulu, ngakho-ke uma singazi kahle ukuthi le makethe isekela ukunyakaza kwayo, singagcina silahlekelwe. ngokumelene nemakethe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinkampani zikawoyela zingaphansi kwemithetho eqinile yohulumeni, engalimaza nokutshalwa kwezimali kwethu kulo mkhakha. Ekugcineni, njengoba sishilo ekuqaleni kwesihloko, ukuxhashazwa kanye nokuthuthwa kwalo mthombo kuthambekele ekubangeleni izinhlekelele zemvelo, futhi kungenye yezinto ezilinyazwa kakhulu yizinqubomgomo zoguquko ezibheke emandleni ahlanzekile avuselelekayo, asungulwe ngaphakathi kohlelo lwe-2030. ngokumelene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Iziphetho ezivela kulolu qeqesho lokutshalwa kwezimali embonini kawoyela.
Ngemva kokuqeda lesi sihloko esinemininingwane yokuqeqeshwa kokutshala izimali embonini kawoyela, sizobhala amaphuzu abaluleke kakhulu. Sifundile ngemvelaphi kawoyela, ukuthi akhishwa kanjani nokuthi yiziphi izinto eziphuma kuzo ezingatholakala. Siphinde sabona amazwe amakhulu akhiqizayo kanye nalawo anemithombo eminingi emhlabeni jikelele nokuthi atholakala kanjani (kusukela enkathini yaseMesophothamiya kuya esikhathini samanje), kanye nezingxenye ezahlukene zemboni kawoyela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, sibonile ukuthi intengo kawoyela ichazwa kanjani futhi siye saphawula ngezenzakalo ezimbili ezibe nomthelela ekulinganisweni kwayo (kanye nomthelela we-OPEC ekukhiqizeni nasekuxhashazweni kwayo).
Izehlakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezenzeke embonini kawoyela. Umthombo: Bankinter.
Okokugcina, sixoxile ngezindlela ezahlukene esinazo zokutshala imali kule mboni kanye nezinzuzo zayo ezinkulu kanye nobubi lapho sitshala imali yethu. Ukuphetha lesi sihloko sokuqeqeshwa kokutshalwa kwezimali embonini kawoyela, ngiyakukhumbuza ukuthi ngaphambi kokutshala imali kunoma iyiphi ikilasi lempahla kufanele sifunde ngayo yonke imvelo nokuziphatha kwayo, njengoba sihlanganise namuhla kulesi sihloko esihle (ethemba ukuthi usijabulele futhi usifundile. ngokugcwele).