Kuyini ukutakulwa kwebhange?

Ibheyili yasebhange (noma ibheyili) iyona isenzo sokujova imali enkampanini yasebhange ngenhloso yokusindisa isimo ngaphambi kokuqothuka. Lokhu kwenzeka ezimeni lapho inkampane yasebhange ingazange iphathe izimali zayo ngendlela efanele futhi iphoqeleka ukuthi ibhekane nokungenelela kwenhlangano efana namabhange amakhulu. Ake sibone ukuthi kuyini ukutakulwa kwebhange, ukuthi kusebenza kanjani nokuthi yiziphi ezidume kabi emlandweni.

Kuyini ukutakulwa kwebhange?

Ibheyili yasebhange (noma ibheyili) iyona isenzo sokujova imali enkampanini yasebhange ngenhloso yokusindisa isimo ngaphambi kokuqothuka. Umehluko omkhulu esingawubona phakathi kwamagama amabili uhlobo lwebhizinisi elitakulwa. Lokhu kukhishwa kwebheyili kwenziwa izinhlangano ezifana namabhange amakhulu (i-Fed, i-European Central Bank, i-Swiss National Bank...) ngenxa yokungabi nazimali noma izimo zokuqothuka ezingase ziholele ekutheni uhlelo liwe noma umphumela wokutheleleka kwamanye amabhizinisi. Izisulu eziyinhloko zalezi zenzo ngamakhasimende afaka imali ezinkampanini ezihlengiwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izakhamuzi ngokwazo nazo ziyalinyazwa, kusukela lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinqubomgomo zokunwetshwa kwezimali ezinolaka ukuzama ukufaka imali kulawa mabhizinisi, okuhlanganisa ke izikhathi ze-inflation ezithatha isikhathi ukunciphisa. 

Kungani kwenzeka ukutakulwa kwebhange?

Ukutakulwa kwebhange kwenzeka lapho isikhungo sezezimali sisonqenqemeni lokuqothuka noma sokuqothuka. Kunochungechunge lwezici ezingabangela ukutakula kwebhange ukuzama ukonga imali yamakhasimende, esingagqamisa phakathi kwazo: 

• Ukungabi nazimali kwesikhungo sezezimali. 
• Ukulahlekelwa yimali yabadiphozi. 
• Ukuqothuka kwesikhungo sezezimali. 
• Ingozi yokudala umthelela wokutheleleka kwamanye amabhizinisi ezezimali, okungukuthi, ingozi yesistimu. 

Isebenza kanjani ibheyili yasebhange?

Ibheyili yasebhange Akwenzeki ngokuphazima kweso nakuba kungase kubonakale sengathi kunjalo ezindabeni.. Lezi zinqubo zihlanganisa uchungechunge lwezinyathelo zangaphambilini okufanele zihlolwe ngokucophelela futhi zenziwe. Okokuqala nje, kumele kwenziwe ucwaningo lwalesi simo ukuze kwaziwe izenzo ezizokwenziwa ukuze kuhlolwe izimo ezingase zenzeke kanye nemiphumela ezingase zibe nayo. Ukuze sizibeke esimweni, ibheyili yebhange (noma yezezimali). Kungabiza ngokwesilinganiso u-13% wesamba somkhiqizo wasekhaya (GDP) wezwe eliwenza. Izigaba zokuhlenga ibhange zimi kanje: 

1. Ukuhlolwa kwesimo: Okokuqala, isimo siyahlaziywa, lapho kuhlolwa inani lokuhlenga, ukuthi lingawuthinta kanjani umnotho kanye nendlela yokuqhubeka. 
2. Xoxa ngezimo zokuhlenga: Ngesikhathi kwenziwa ukuhlolwa kwesimo sokuhlenga, kuxoxiswana ngezimo zokuhlenga ngenhloso yokuvumela ukuthi kwenziwe.
3. Izinyathelo zokwenza ukuhlenga: Ukufeza ukuhlenga kwebhizinisi elithile, izinyathelo zokunciphisa kufanele zisetshenziswe, okungukuthi, izimo ezithile kufanele zethulwe ukuhlenga (ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali yomphakathi kanye nokwenyuka kwezintela) ukuze kuvunyelwe. 
4. Imiphumela yokutakula: Uma ukuhlenga sekuhloliwe futhi sekuxoxiswane ngakho, zonke izinyathelo okufanele zithathwe ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokuhlenga kufanele kubhekwe. Phakathi kwazo, imiphumela ezovela ekusetshenzisweni kwayo kufanele kucatshangelwe, kanye nokuba nohlelo lokulawula ngokulindeleka kokunciphisa umonakalo wokubambisana kanye nokukwazi ukuphatha izingozi ezingenzeka uma zenzeka. 

Kube yikuphi ukutakulwa kwebhange okukhulu?

Ngokuvamile, uma sikhuluma ngokutakulwa kwebhange, inkinga enkulu yezezimali yango-2008 ihlala ifika engqondweni, lapho izinhlangano zamabhange eziningi zazidinga ukutakulwa kwebhange ngesikhathi lapho umphumela wokutheleleka uvela ezingeni lomhlaba jikelele. Singasho izikhathi ezintathu lapho ukukhululwa kwebhange elikhulu kwenzeka khona: 

Ngonyaka ka-1991, i-bubble ingcebo eSweden

Ekuqaleni kwawo-90, Igwebu lezindlu eSweden lancipha, okwaholela enkingeni enkulu yezikweletu kanye nokushabalala kwezikweletu kwamabhange. Izimbangela zazifana nalezo zenhlekelele ka-2007-2008. Uhulumeni waseSweden wathatha izikweletu zamabhange ekuqaleni kubiza cishe u-4% we-GDP yaseSweden, kamuva yehle yaba ngaphansi kuka-2% lapho amabhange angaphansi kukahulumeni ebuyiselwa amabhizinisi.

Ngonyaka ka-2008, inkinga enkulu yezezimali global

Inkinga enkulu ka-2008 yabangelwa yi-subprime mortgages. Le nkinga yavela lapho ukungathembani ngezikweletu kwaqala ukusabalala ezimakethe zezimali zase-United States futhi kwakuyi-alamu eyabeka "impahla engafanele" eYurophu kusukela ehlobo lika-2007, okubonakala ehlobo elilandelayo ngenkinga yezimali ka-2008 , Kubhekwa njengembangela Yokuwohloka Okukhulu Komnotho emhlabeni jikelele., kuhlanganise nebhamuza lezindlu ezithengiswayo eSpain. Amazwe athinteke kakhulu kule nkinga yi-Ireland, i-United States neSpain, phakathi kwamanye amaningi. 

• Amabhange ase-Ireland ahlupheka a ukwehla okukhulu kwenani lamasheya ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezimali ezitholakalayo ezimakethe zezimali zomhlaba wonke. Ngo-2010, le-solvency ivela njengokukhathazeka okukhulu kakhulu ngenxa yemali mboleko engabazekayo eyenziwe kubathuthukisi bezindlu. 
• Ukuqala kwenhlekelele yomhlaba wonke kwakusho ukuqhuma kwezinye izinkinga zeSpain: ukuphela kwebhamuza lezindlu ezithengiswayo, inkinga yamabhange ka-2010.futhi ekugcineni ukwanda kokuntuleka kwemisebenzi eSpain. Ngokwezibalo zika-2020, Izigidi ezingama-43.225 zesamba sezigidi ezingama-64.000 zizolahleka (ama-73% osizo lomphakathi oluhlinzekiwe).
• Icala eliyinhloko lenhlekelele enkulu kwaba ukuthi ubani owayibangela, lapho i-Lehman Brothers, enempahla eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-639.000 zamaRandi, yamemezela ukuthi isiphelelwe yisikhathi ngoSepthemba 15, 2008 ngemuva kokundiza kwamakhasimende ayo. I-Federal Reserve yayixoxile ngokuhlelwa kabusha kwayo namanye amabhange, kodwa izingxoxo zehluleka. Sekukonke, ukuhlenga ibhange lase-United States kubalwa inani le-800.000 million dollars. 

Ngonyaka ka-2023, imiphumela yezinga lenzalo iyanda

Uma besicabanga ukuthi sifundile ezinkingeni ezedlule, besinephutha kakhulu. Ngemuva kobhubhane esike sabhekana nalo ngo-2020 Kwenziwa izinqubomgomo zokukhuliswa kwezimali ezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili, into eyabangela inkathi emfushane yokukhula komnotho wokwenziwa. Lesi simo sisenze sazethemba ngokweqile, lapho kunezinkampani eziningi zamabhange Babengazi ukuthi bangayiphatha kanjani kahle ingozi lapho bebeka imali yabo. Ngonyaka odlule, ngokuqala kwempi e-Ukraine kanye nezinkinga ezibangelwa ukunyuka kwamanani ezinto ezithile zokusetshenziswa, izinhlangano zamabhange eziningi zaziphethe isamba esikhulu samabhondi ezibone inzuzo yazo ithintwa ukwenyuka kwezinga lenzalo . Umphumela ube ukuhlengwa yi-Fed yezinhlangano ezifana I-Signature Bank, i-Silicon Valley Bank, i-Silvergate nezinye izinhlangano zamabhange e-United States.

Ezwekazini elidala siphinde sabona ukuthi ibhizinisi elineminyaka eyikhulu ubudala, i-Credit Suisse, liphoqeleke kanjani ukuba lithathwe ngomunye wabancintisana nabo, i-UBS. Nakuba sikholelwa ukuthi lesi simo siphela okwamanje ukuthi i-Swiss National Bank (SNB) yayizomnika imali ebolekiwe. Ama-franc aseSwitzerland angama-50.000 billion (CHF) ukudambisa isimo, sinephutha. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-UBS nayo isesimweni esiyingozi, okuyinto idale ukungathembani emhlabeni wonke ezinkampanini zamabhange kuzo zonke izifunda.