Isinqumo sakamuva seNkantolo Ephakeme Yobulungiswa Besizwe (SCJN) eMexico siveze udaba olubucayi kakhulu kunoma yimuphi umuntu noma inkampani ene-akhawunti yasebhange: I-Financial Intelligence Unit (UIF) ingamisa izimali ngaphandle kwesidingo sesinqumo senkantolo sangaphambilini. uma kunezinkomba zokuhlanzwa kwemali noma ukuxhaswa ngezimali kwamaphekula. Le ndaba ivuse impikiswano mayelana nokuthi uMbuso ungahamba ibanga elingakanani ukuze unciphise izimali ezingekho emthethweni ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni amalungelo ayisisekelo ezakhamuzi.
Lolu shintsho lwezindlela, olumele ukushintsha kusuka ekwahlulelweni kwezomthetho kwangaphambilini kwenkantolo, luyingxenye yomkhuba wamazwe ngamazwe woku- qinisa izindlela zokuvimbela ukuhlanzwa kwemaliNakuba icala lingelaseMexico, ingxoxo ibaluleke kakhulu eYurophu naseSpain, lapho kukhona khona amayunithi obuhlakani bezezimali kanye nezinhlelo zokumiswa kwempahla eziphefumulelwe yizincomo zeFinancial Action Task Force (FATF).
Yini ngempela enqunywe yiNkantolo Ephakeme yaseMexico?
INkantolo Ephakeme Yobulungiswa Besizwe (i-SCJN) iqinisekisile ukuthi ukuhambisana nomthethosisekelo kwesigaba 116 Bis 2 soMthetho Wezikhungo Zezikweletu, ushintsho olwamukelwe ngo-2022 olunikeza uMnyango Wezezimali, nge-UIF, amandla okufaka abantu bemvelo nabasemthethweni ohlwini lwabantu abavinjelwe uma kunobufakazi obanele bobugebengu obukhulu bezezimali.
Ngalesi sinqumo, iNkantolo ikwenze kwacaca ukuthi i-UIF angayala ukuvalwa kwama-akhawunti ngaphandle kokungenelela kwejaji kusengaphambili, ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kweHhovisi Lomshushisi Womphakathi Futhi ngaphandle kwesicelo esivela kugunya langaphandle. Kwanele ukuthi iyunithi ithole ubufakazi bemisebenzi ehlobene nokuhlanzwa kwemali, ukuxhaswa ngezimali kwamaphekula, noma ubugebengu obuhlobene.
Ivoti laliseduze: Ongqongqoshe abayisithupha bavote besekela kanti abathathu baphikisanaPhakathi kwalabo abasekele lesi siphakamiso, esiholwa nguNgqongqoshe uLoretta Ortiz Ahlf, kwaphikiswana ngokuthi izwe lidinga ithuluzi elisheshayo lokuvimbela ukugeleza okungekho emthethweni okuhamba ngesivinini esikhulu ohlelweni lwezezimali.
Ongqongqoshe abavote ngokumelene nakho—phakathi kwabo uYasmÃn Esquivel Mossa, uGiovanni Figueroa MejÃa, no-ArÃstides Guerrero GarcÃa—baxwayise, nokho, ngezingozi ezihambisana naleli gunya ku- ukuqinisekiswa kwezomthetho, amalungelo empahla kanye nokucatshangelwa kokungabi nacala, ngokuvumela uHulumeni ukuthi avale izinsiza ngaphambi kokuba ijaji lingenelele.
Ukuvimba i-akhawunti: isinyathelo sokuphatha, hhayi isijeziso sobugebengu
Iphuzu eliyinhloko lesinqumo lisekutheni ukuvinjelwa kuhlukaniswa ngokomthetho. Iningi lenkantolo lanquma ukuthi Ukumisa ama-akhawunti kuyindlela yokuqapha yokuphatha nokuvimbela, okuhloswe ngakho ukuvikela uhlelo lwezezimali nokwenza kube lula ukuphenywa kwezentengiselwano ezisolisayo, hhayi isijeziso sobugebengu ngokwaso.
Lo mehluko awuncane: uma bekubhekwa njengesijeziso noma isilinganiso sohlobo lwesijeziso, Ukubuyekezwa kokwahlulela kusengaphambili kungaba yinto ebalulekile.Njengoba kuqondakala njengesenzo sokuphatha sokuphazamiseka kwesikhashana, iNkantolo ikubona kwanele ukuthi ukulawulwa kwezomthetho kube okulandelayo, ngokusebenzisa izikhalazo kanye nokuvikelwa okukhuthazwa yilabo abathintekile.
UNgqongqoshe uLoretta Ortiz wagcizelela ukuthi ukuvinjelwa Ayisho ukuthi umuntu unecala futhi ayithathi indawo yophenyo lweHhovisi Lomshushisi Womphakathi.kodwa kunalokho kunqunyelwe ekuvimbeleni, ngesikhathi esilinganiselwe nangaphansi kwezidingo ezithile, izinsiza ezingase zibe ezingekho emthethweni ukuthi ziqhubeke nokusabalala noma ukusatshalaliswa ngenkathi imvelaphi yazo ihlaziywa.
Abanye ongqongqoshe abavela eningini, njengoMarÃa Estela RÃos González, nabo baphikisana ngokuthi le modeli ivumela iMexico ukuhambisana nezibopho zomhlaba wonke ezithathwe ekulweni nokuhlanzwa kwemali kanye nobuphekula, ngokuhambisana nezindinganiso ze-FATF, ezidinga ukuqandisa ngokushesha kwezimpahla lapho kutholwa izinkomba ezinamandla.
Yiziphi izimo ezidingekayo ukuze kumiswe i-akhawunti?
Umthetho oqinisekisiwe uqinisekisa ukuthi i-UIF ingangeza umuntu ohlwini lwabantu abavinjiwe kuphela uma babe nobufakazi obanele bokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi bahileleke emacaleni amakhulu ezezimaliIsinqumo se-SCJN sigcizelela ukuthi lokhu akusikho ukuhlola okungenalutho, kodwa kunalokho kuncike ezimisweni eziqondile.
Ngokusho kohlelo olwakhiwe ngumthetho futhi olusekelwa yiNkantolo, inqubo yokumisa nokuvikela ihlanganisa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, izici ezilandelayo ezibhekwa njengezibalulekile ukuhlinzeka ngeziqinisekiso ezincane:
- Ukuba khona kobufakazi obucacile nobungaqinisekiswa imisebenzi yokuhlanzwa kwemali, ukuxhaswa ngezimali kwamaphekula, noma ezinye izenzo zobugebengu ezihlobene nayo.
- Isaziso kumnikazi ye-akhawunti noma ama-akhawunti avinjelwe yinhlangano yezezimali, okumele ibike ibhulokhi eli-odwe yi-UIF.
- Ilungelo lomuntu othintekayo cela ukulalelwa kwecala ngaphambi kwe-UIF ukwethula inguqulo yabo yezehlakalo, ukunikeza imibhalo, nokuphikisa ubufakazi.
- Isibopho segunya nquma ngaphakathi kwezikhathi ezichaziwe ukuthi uzoyigcina noma uyiphakamise yini ibhlogo, ngezinqumo okumele zisekelwe futhi zishukunyiswe ngokufanele.
- Amandla we ukuphikisa izinqumo phambi kwezinkantolo zokuphatha noma ngezinqubo ze-amparo, okuvula ithuba lokubuyekezwa kwecala lokwahlulela okulandelayo.
Uma ukuhlaziywa kuphetha ngokuthi izinsiza azihlobene nemisebenzi engekho emthethweni, Ama-akhawunti kumele avulwe futhi imali ibuyiselwe kubanikazi bawo.Kodwa-ke, uma ubufakazi bobugebengu buqinisekiswa, idatha ithunyelwa eHhovisi Lomshushisi Womphakathi kanye naseHhovisi Lomshushisi Ofanele ukuze uphenyo lobugebengu luqhubeke futhi, uma kufaneleka, kuthathwe izinyathelo zobugebengu.
Ushintsho lwezindlela zokuhlola maqondana nemithetho yangaphambilini
Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu kulesi sinqumo ukuthi i-SCJN Lokhu kuhlukile ekuchazeni obekukhona kusukela ngo-2018, lapho inkantolo yayinciphise kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kokuvalwa kwe-akhawunti yi-UIF.
Imithetho yangaphambilini, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-2a./J. 46/2018, yasungula ukuthi ukuvalwa kwama-akhawunti ngokushesha ngaphandle kwesinqumo senkantolo Kwakungokomthethosisekelo kuphela uma iphendula isicelo esivela kuziphathimandla zakwamanye amazwe noma izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe., ngokuhambisana nezibopho zokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe ngokumelene nobugebengu obuhleliwe.
Ngesinqumo esisha, leso sigaba sithathelwe indawo. INkantolo manje iyaqonda ukuthi Ukukhawulela ukuvinjelwa kwezicelo ezivela kwamanye amazwe kuphela kudale isithiyo esingafanele ngomsebenzi we-UIF futhi kwashiya izimo zengozi ezingavikelekile ezivela ezweni uqobo.
ONgqongqoshe abafana noLenia Batres Guadarrama bethule idatha enikezwe yiHhovisi likaMgcinimafa: phakathi kuka-2018 no-2025, Ama-akhawunti abiza ngaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama-32.000 zama-peso ngabe avuliwe Ngemva kwezinqubo zokuvimbela umthetho, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokuhlaziywa okujulile kobufakazi obabushukumisele ukuvinjelwa kokuqala. Ngokwalo mbono, uhlaka lwangaphambilini lwalunemingcele kakhulu futhi lwaluthanda ukusulwa okukhulu kwemithetho yokuvimbela umthetho.
Amacala athile abonisa ububanzi besinqumo
Umugqa omusha wezomthetho awuzange uhlale uyisimemezelo esijwayelekile, kodwa kunalokho Sekuvele kusetshenziswe ezimweni ezithile.Esigabeni esifanayo lapho kwaxazululwa khona isenzo sokungahambisani nomthethosisekelo 58/2022, i-Plenary yanquma ngamacala amabili e-amparo ahlobene nokuvalwa kwama-akhawunti.
Kwesinye salezi zimo, ukwenqatshelwa kokuvikelwa kwenkampani ehlobene nomshana ka-Ismael "El Mayo" Zambada, omunye wabaholi bomlando beSinaloa Cartel, kwaqinisekiswa. Le nkampani iFresh Packing Corporation, ese-United States futhi ezinikele ekuhwebeni ngemikhiqizo ebolayo, wafuna ukuthi kuvuleke ama-akhawunti akhe, ethi kwakuyigama elingaziwa elingenalo nhlobo nomthengisi wezidakamizwa.
Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme Yobulungiswa Besizwe (SCJN) yavumelana nezenzo ze-Financial Intelligence Unit (UIF), ibheka ukuthi Kwakukhona ubufakazi obanele bokusebenza okungajwayelekile kanye nokuxhumana nobugebengu obuhleliweLolu hlobo lwesimemezelo luqinisa umlayezo wokuthi, kusukela manje kuqhubeke, iziphathimandla zezimali zinenkululeko eyengeziwe yokuvala izimpahla ezisolisayo, njalo ngaphansi kwesambulela semfundiso entsha.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ekumiseni le nqubo, inkantolo nayo Yaqeda umthetho wamacala wangaphambilini owawudinga ukungenelela kwezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke. ukuqhubeka nokuvimbela, okuhlanganisa uhlaka olusha njengereferensi eyimpoqo yamacala esikhathi esizayo.
Amazwi agxekayo: ukucabanga ukuthi umsulwa kanye nengozi yokuhlukunyezwa
Naphezu kwezivikelo ezifakiwe emthethweni, lesi sinqumo siphakamise ukukhathazeka ukusabela okubucayi kakhulu okuvela kwabanye ongqongqoshe, abameli kanye nemikhakha yezepolitikiikakhulukazi kwabaphikisi. Ukugxekwa okukhulu ukuthi kunganciphisa ukucabanga kokungabi nacala ngokuvumela izinsiza ukuthi zivalwe ngaphambi kokuba ijaji lihlole icala.
Ongqongqoshe abaphikisayo njengoGiovanni Figueroa bathi ukuvalwa kwama-akhawunti, njengoba kusebenza njengamanje, Empeleni, inomlingiswa wokujezisa.Lokhu kuvimbela abantu ekusebenziseni imali yabo isikhathi esingaba side, ngaphandle kwezivikelo ezihambisana nenqubo yobugebengu. Ngokombono wabo, lokhu kudlulisela ngempumelelo umqondo wohlelo lobulungiswa bobugebengu emkhakheni wokuphatha, kodwa ngaphandle kokuhlolwa nokulinganiswa kwalo.
UNgqongqoshe uYasmÃn Esquivel Mossa, yena, uxwayise ngokuthi umthethonqubo uveza ukuntuleka ekuchazeni ukuziphatha okungaholela ekuvinjelweni kanye nobude besilinganisoLokhu, ngokombono wabo, kudala ukungaqiniseki okukhulu kwezomthetho. Besaba ukuthi lokhu kuvulwa kungaholela ezinqumweni ezingacacile noma ngisho nezingenasisekelo.
Kusukela emkhakheni wezepolitiki, abameli be-PAN kanye namanye amaqembu aphikisayo baye bafika ezingeni lokuthi ukuqinisekiswa kwala mandla "Kubhubhisa" inqubo efanele futhi kuvula umnyango wokuvalelwa kwama-akhawunti asetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokucindezela kwezepolitiki.Abanye abahlaziyi baye baxwayisa ngengozi yokuthi, ezandleni ezingafanele, isinyathelo esenzelwe ukulwa nobugebengu obuhleliwe singaba ithuluzi lokulawula ngaphandle kokuhlolwa nokulinganisela okwanele.
Ilungelo lokulalelwa kwecala kanye nokudlulisa amacala: izithiyo abantu abaningi abazibonayo
Ephendula kulokhu kugxekwa, iningi leNkantolo ligcizelela ukuthi amandla anikezwe i-UIF Akuyona into evunyelwe futhi ayinamkhawuloIsigaba 116 Bis 2, ngokwencazelo ye-Plenary, sihlanganisa iziqinisekiso ezifanele: ilungelo lokulalelwa kwecala, isibopho sokuthethelela izinqumo kanye nethuba lokuzidlulisela ezinhlanganweni ezizimele.
Kulolu hlelo, i-UIF isebenza njenge umzimba wezobuchwepheshe osizayo ngaphakathi kwemodeli yokuxhumanisa izikhungoNakuba uphenyo lobugebengu kanye nokushushiswa kusalokhu kungumthwalo wemfanelo weHhovisi Lomshushisi Womphakathi kanye namahhovisi ommeli wesifunda, ukuvalelwa kwempahla kubhekwa njengendlela yokuvimbela ukulahleka noma ukuncishiswa kwemali esolisayo ngaphambi kokuba iziphathimandla zobugebengu zingenelele.
INkantolo Ephakeme Yobulungiswa Besizwe (SCJN) igcizelela ukuthi inqubo kumele ilawulwe yi izinsuku zokugcina ezifanele kanye nemingcele ecacileukuze ukuvinjelwa kungaqhubeki unomphela noma kuholele ekuphucweni unomphela amalungelo empahla. Inkantolo ibheka ukuthi, ngalezi zimo, lesi sinyathelo sihlonipha ingqikithi yamalungelo ayisisekelo.
Kunoma ikuphi, manje kuzoba yizinkantolo zokuphatha kanye nabahluleli bokuvikelwa komthethosisekelo, okuzothi ngokwesimo ngasinye, Kufanele babukeze izenzo ze-UIF futhi banqume ukuthi amazinga amisiwe ahlonishwe yini. yiNkantolo uqobo. Lo mkhuba wokwahlulela othize uzogcina uchaze izinga langempela lokuvikelwa kwamalungelo alabo abathintekile.
Impikiswano ethokozisayo eYurophu naseSpain
Nakuba lesi sinqumo sibhekisela ohlelweni lwezomthetho lwaseMexico, ingxoxo esiyiphakamisayo Isebenza kahle kakhulu kwezinye izinhlelo, kuhlanganise neyaseYurophu.Kunezindlela ezifanayo e-European Union: ama-National Financial Intelligence Units, izindlela zokuvala izimpahla ezihlobene nobuphekula, kanye nezibopho zokuqapha ezithuthukisiwe zamabhange kanye nabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zezezimali.
Isibonelo, eSpain, i-Executive Service yeKhomishini Yokuvimbela Ukuhlanzwa Kwemali (i-SEPBLAC) isebenza njenge iyunithi yezobunhloli bezezimali enesibopho sokwamukela, ukuhlaziya nokudlulisa ulwazi mayelana nokuthengiselana okusolisayoImithetho yaseYurophu neyaseSpain ihlinzeka, kwezinye izimo, ngokuvalelwa kwezimali kanye nezinye izindlela zokuvimbela, yize kunohlaka lwenqubo oluhlukile kunaseMexico futhi kugcizelelwa kakhulu ekulawulweni kwezomthetho.
Ngakho-ke isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme siba Ucwaningo lwendlela yokulinganisela ukusebenza kahle ekulweni nokuhlanzwa kwemali kanye nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo ayisisekeloKubalawuli baseYurophu kanye nezinkantolo, ulwazi lwaseMexico lungasebenza njengendawo yokubhekisela—empumelelweni yalo kanye nezimpikiswano zalo—lapho kuhlolwa izinguquko zesikhathi esizayo.
Esimweni somhlaba wonke lapho imali engekho emthethweni ihamba ngokuchofoza inkinobho futhi yeqa imingcele ngemizuzwana embalwa, Amazwe afuna izindlela ezisheshayo zokunciphisa lokhu kugelezaKodwa ingcindezi yokusabela ngokushesha nayo ikhulisa ingozi yokwehlisa izivikelo, futhi yilapho indima yezinkantolo zomthethosisekelo iba khona ebalulekile.
Ushintsho olwamukelwe yiNkantolo Ephakeme yaseMexico, oluvumela i-UIF ukuthi ivimbe ama-akhawunti ngaphandle kwesinqumo senkantolo inqobo nje uma kukhona ubufakazi obanele futhi amalungelo athile enqubo efanele ehlonishwa, lubonisa izinga lapho Ibhalansi iqhubekela phambili ekumeni okuqinile ngokumelene nobugebengu bezezimali.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izexwayiso mayelana nokucatshangwa kokungabi nacala, impahla yomuntu siqu, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwala mathuluzi kwezepolitiki kungaba yisikhumbuzo sokuthi impikiswano isekude nokuphela nokuthi ukuqapha kwezikhungo kanye nokwezenhlalo kuzoba yisihluthulelo sokuvimbela ukuxhashazwa.