Isimo samanje sezomnotho sivivinya ukuqina kwemindeni eminingi, njengoba amandla okuthenga omholo omncane ebhekene nobunzima obungakaze bubonwe amashumi eminyaka. Lokho okwake kwavumela impilo ekhululekile nehloniphekile manje sekuyinto engambozi izindleko zansuku zonke eziyisisekelo, okushiya izisebenzi eziningi zisesimweni esibucayi esikhumbuza izikhathi zenhlekelele enkulu.
Imibiko yakamuva elungiselelwe ochwepheshe abavela eNyuvesi yaseBuenos Aires (UBA) kanye neNational Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) ikhanyisa iqiniso elicacile: umholo omncane ulahlekelwe cishe u-40% wenani lawo langempela esikhathini esifushane kakhulu. Lesi simo asigcini nje ngokuthinta labo abathola lo mholo njengomkhawulo osemthethweni, kodwa futhi sibeka isimo somnotho wonke okhiqizayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwasekhaya, okuye kwaphazamiseka kakhulu ukuntuleka kwemali emaphaketheni abantu.
Igebe elingenakulinganiswa uma liqhathaniswa neliphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule
Uma sibheka emuva maphakathi nawo-1960, sithola isimo esihluke kakhulu kunaleso esinaso manje. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwamiswa imithetho yokuqala ukuze noma yisiphi isisebenzi sikwazi ukukhokhela indawo yokuhlala efanelekile , izingubo, imfundo, ngisho namaholide ngomholo waso oyisisekelo —into ezwakala iyinto engavamile namuhla.
Ukuze isisebenzi namuhla sijabulele izinga elifanayo lempilo, umholo waso kuzodingeka ukhuphuke kakhulu, uphindaphindwe kaningana. Izibalo zobuchwepheshe zisikisela ukuthi imiholo kuzodingeka ibe phakathi kwezigidi eziyi-1,5 neziyi-1,8 zama-peso ukuze ifane namandla okuthenga ayekhona ngo-1964, lapho kwakhiwa leli thuluzi lokuvikela abasebenzi.
Kuyathakazelisa ukubona ukuthi umbono wokuthi yini "edingekayo" ukuze uphile ushintshe kanjani. Ekuqaleni, lo mholo wawungeyona nje isibalo sokugwema indlala, kodwa wawufuna ukuqinisekisa inhlalakahle yomndeni wonke ngendlela ephelele. Phakathi kwamaphuzu abalulekile umthetho wokuqala okwakumelwe uwahlanganise kwakunalawa:
- Ukudla okwanele kanye nezindlu ezifanele.
- Ukunakekelwa kwempilo nezingubo.
- Imfundo yezingane kanye nezokuthutha.
- Amaholide, ezokuzijabulisa kanye nezokuphepha komphakathi.
Imithetho ngaleso sikhathi yayiqinile kakhulu kule ndaba futhi yayivimbela ngokusobala ukukhokha ngaphansi kwalowo mholo omncane, yaze yabeka nezijeziso zezimali ezinzima. Kodwa-ke, phakathi namashumi eminyaka, lo msebenzi njengenetha lokuphepha komphakathi uye wancishiswa ukwehla kwamandla emali okwandayo kanye nokulungiswa okuqhubekayo kwezomnotho okuye kwabeka ezinye izici phambili kunenhlalakahle yabasebenzi.
Kusukela entengo yenyama kuya kwezokuthutha: izindleko zokuthenga zikhuphuka kakhulu
Ukuze uqonde kangcono lokhu kwehla, akukho okungcono kunokubheka intengo yemikhiqizo yansuku zonke esitolo senyama noma esitolo esikhulu sendawo. Isibonelo, ngawo-1960, umholo omncane wawungathenga amakhilogremu angaphezu kwe-100 enyama yenkomo esezingeni eliphezulu , inani eselihlile laya ngaphansi kwamakhilogremu angu-30, okugqamisa ukulahleka kwamaprotheni etafuleni lomndeni.
Izindlu ziyinkinga enkulu futhi mhlawumbe kuyimbangela enzima kakhulu kubantu abasha kanye nemindeni eqalayo. Ngaphambilini, ukuqasha ifulethi elinamakamelo okulala amathathu endaweni exhumene kahle kwakubiza kancane ngaphezu kwengxenye yomholo oyisisekelo. Njengamanje, leyo ntela efanayo ingaba umholo omncane ophindwe kathathu , okwenza ukuphila ngokuzimela kube nzima ngaphandle kwemisebenzi eminingi noma ukwabelana ngefulethi.
Ngisho nokuhamba edolobheni uya emsebenzini sekubize kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa. Nakuba emashumini eminyaka edlule umholo wawuvunyelwe ukuhamba ngezithuthi zomphakathi ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili ngenyanga, namuhla lowo mthamo wehlisiwe waba yikota , okubonisa ukushayeka okuqondile kokuhamba kanye namathuba okufuna amathuba emisebenzi angcono kude nekhaya.
Lokhu kukhukhuleka okuqhubekayo kubangele ukuthi umholo ophansi uyeke ukuba uphawu lwesithunzi futhi ube yinkomba nje yezibalo engambozi ngisho nobhasikidi wokudla okuyisisekelo. Ukwehla kwamandla okuthenga kusobala kangangokuthi ngisho nemikhiqizo yokuhlanzeka eyisisekelo kanye neyokuhlanza isibe yizinto ezidinga ukunakekelwa okukhulu kwisabelomali sanyanga zonke.
Imakethe yezabasebenzi ekhungathekile kanye nokulahlekelwa umsebenzi osemthethweni
Akukhona nje ukuthi imali ayibalulekile kangako njalo uma siya ekhefini; isimo siyinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu ngokulahlekelwa yimisebenzi. Kusukela ekupheleni kuka-2023, kulinganiselwa ukuthi imisebenzi engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili ebhalisiwe ilahlekile, okuthinta kakhulu imikhakha ebalulekile ebilokhu iqhuba umnotho, njengokuthengisa nokukhiqiza.
Ukwehla kweholo akuyona into eqale izolo, kodwa kuye kwashesha ngendlela eshaqisayo ezinyangeni zakamuva. Uma siqhathanisa isimo samanje nokuphakama okukhulu kakhulu kweminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu edlule, sibona ukuthi umholo omncane ulahlekelwe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zenani lawo langempela, ukwehla okushiya isikhwama semali sabo bonke sididekile futhi kubeka inkomba emazingeni angakaze abonwe kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka.
Ochwepheshe abaningi bayavuma ukuthi ukwenyuswa kwamaholo okuxoxiswana ngakho phakathi kwezinyunyana nezinkampani kuvame ukuba kuncane kakhulu, sekwephuzile kakhulu, futhi kwehluleka ukuhambisana namanani akhuphukayo kaphethiloli, ugesi, noma isinkwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi, inyanga nenyanga, isisebenzi esijwayelekile sibona imali yaso eyongiwe inyamalala ngokuphelele, okusiphoqa ukuthi sibeke phambili izindleko futhi sinciphise ukunakekelwa kwempilo noma imfundo.
Iqiniso liwukuthi igebe phakathi kwemali engenayo kanye nezindleko zokuphila liyakhula kakhulu futhi kunzima kakhulu ukulishaya indiva. Ukungafani kwezidingo eziyisisekelo ezichaza umugqa wobuphofu kubonisa ukuthi, ezimweni eziningi, ngisho nomsebenzi wesikhathi esigcwele, kunzima ukubalekela ubuphofu obukhulu ngaphandle kokusekelwa ngokwezimali okwengeziwe emndenini.
Ukuhlanganiswa kokwehla kwamandla emali okungapheli kanye nokulungiswa okunganele kweholo kubangele ukuthi umholo omncane ulahlekelwe yinjongo yawo yokuqala yokuqinisekisa impilo enhle nezinzile. Njengoba amandla okuthenga emazingeni abonakala ezinkingeni zomlando kanye nokungaxhumani ngokuphelele namanani ezindlu nezinto zokudla eziyisisekelo, isimo samanje siletha izinselelo ezinkulu ekuzinzeni komnotho kweningi. Ukubuyisela lesi sibonakaliso kubalulekile hhayi nje ngenxa yezinombolo, kodwa futhi nokubuyisela amandla alo angempela okuhlinzeka ngokudla naphezu kwezindleko zokuphila eziqhubeka zikhuphuka ngokunganqamuki.
